What causes the pain that occurs with myocardial ischemia?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lactic acid accumulation during anaerobic metabolism. During myocardial ischemia, there is a decrease in blood flow leading to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle. This results in anaerobic metabolism, causing lactic acid accumulation. Lactic acid buildup leads to tissue acidosis, which is sensed as pain by nerve endings in the heart. Incorrect choices: A: Death of myocardial tissue - This is the result of prolonged ischemia leading to irreversible damage, not the direct cause of pain. B: Dysrhythmias caused by cellular irritability - Dysrhythmias can occur with ischemia, but they are not the primary cause of pain. D: Elevated pressure in the ventricles and pulmonary vessels - While elevated pressure can be a consequence of ischemia, it is not the direct cause of pain.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Imaging studies. Assessing a patient with an aortic aneurysm requires imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to visualize the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm. This helps in determining the appropriate management plan. Pulse check (A) and blood pressure monitoring (B) are important but do not directly provide information about the aneurysm itself. Electrocardiogram (D) is used to assess heart function and rhythm, which may be affected by an aneurysm but does not provide direct visualization of the aneurysm.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (Both A and B) because tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by four defects, including ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Surgical management involves repairing these defects to improve blood flow and oxygenation. Option A (Ventricular septal defect) is incorrect because it only addresses one of the defects in tetralogy of Fallot. Option B (Pulmonary stenosis) is also incorrect as it only focuses on another single defect. Option D (None of the above) is incorrect as surgical management typically involves addressing both defects to effectively treat tetralogy of Fallot.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: supine with right leg elevated. Elevating the right leg helps reduce swelling and improve venous return, aiding in managing venous occlusion. Elevating the left leg, as in choice D, would not be effective as it does not target the affected leg. Choices A and B do not specifically address the venous occlusion in the right leg. Positioning Mrs. B. supine with the right leg elevated is the most appropriate choice for improving her condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nutrition and exercise patterns. This is important as nutrition and exercise directly impact Mr. Jones' hypertension management. Assessing his diet and physical activity can help identify risk factors and areas for intervention. Educational background (A) is less relevant unless related to health literacy. Marital status (C) may have minimal impact on hypertension. Childhood diseases (D) are less pertinent compared to current lifestyle factors. Understanding his nutrition and exercise patterns is crucial in developing a tailored discharge plan for Mr. Jones.