What causes bladder distension and what does it produce?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Bladder distension from increased intravesical pressure (filling) produces reflex contraction and sphincter relaxation micturition reflex (e.g., parasympathetic). Decreased pressure retains opposite. Osmolarity affects tubules not bladder. Low volume contracts sphincters delays voiding. Reflex response distinguishes it, key to micturition, unlike retention or tubular errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Excreted glucose = filtered - Tmax: 200 mg/mL × 125 mL/min = 25,000 mg/min ÷ 100 = 250 mg/min - 200 = 50 mg/min (unit correction assumed). Zero assumes full reabsorption false above Tmax. 25/75 miscalculate filtration incorrect. 50 mg/min distinguishes it, key to glucosuria threshold, unlike total or erroneous values.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The thin descending limb is water-permeable osmosis concentrates filtrate (e.g., medullary gradient). Thick ascending is impermeable pumps NaCl. Thin ascending loses salt not water. All permeable is false ascending resists. Water permeability distinguishes thin descending, critical for countercurrent, unlike impermeable or mixed options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Furosemide inhibits Na /2Cl⁻/K cotransporter in the thick ascending limb blocks reabsorption (e.g., loop diuretic). Thiazides target distal tubule Na /Cl⁻. Osmotic diuretics (e.g., mannitol) act broadly not specific. Acetazolamide inhibits proximal HCO₃⁻ unrelated. Loop-specific action distinguishes furosemide, critical for diuresis potency, unlike distal or non-specific options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ADH is synthesized in supraoptic/paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei transported to posterior pituitary (e.g., magnocellular neurons). Posterior pituitary stores/releases not synthesizes. Anterior pituitary is ACTH/GH unrelated. Neurohypophysis is synonymous less specific. Hypothalamic origin distinguishes it, critical for ADH production, unlike pituitary errors.