What can be auscultated in a patient with cardiac valve problems (select all that apply)?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cardiac murmurs. Cardiac valve problems can cause abnormal blood flow, leading to turbulent flow and producing murmurs. Murmurs are often auscultated using a stethoscope. Incorrect Choices: A: Arterial bruit is associated with vascular abnormalities, not specifically cardiac valve problems. B: Pulsus alternans is a pulse pattern, not a sound auscultated from the heart. D: Third heart sound (S3) is associated with heart failure or volume overload, not specifically valve problems.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lactic acid accumulation during anaerobic metabolism. During myocardial ischemia, there is a decrease in blood flow leading to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle. This results in anaerobic metabolism, causing lactic acid accumulation. Lactic acid buildup leads to tissue acidosis, which is sensed as pain by nerve endings in the heart. Incorrect choices: A: Death of myocardial tissue - This is the result of prolonged ischemia leading to irreversible damage, not the direct cause of pain. B: Dysrhythmias caused by cellular irritability - Dysrhythmias can occur with ischemia, but they are not the primary cause of pain. D: Elevated pressure in the ventricles and pulmonary vessels - While elevated pressure can be a consequence of ischemia, it is not the direct cause of pain.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). PCI is the preferred treatment to open a blocked artery in a patient with a confirmed MI within 90 minutes as it is a minimally invasive procedure that can quickly restore blood flow. Stent placement (A) is part of PCI and can be performed during the procedure. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (B) is a more invasive surgery usually done in stable patients, not in emergency situations like an acute MI. Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) (D) is not a first-line treatment for acute MI and is typically used in specific cases where other treatments have failed.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Imaging studies. Assessing a patient with an aortic aneurysm requires imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to visualize the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm. This helps in determining the appropriate management plan. Pulse check (A) and blood pressure monitoring (B) are important but do not directly provide information about the aneurysm itself. Electrocardiogram (D) is used to assess heart function and rhythm, which may be affected by an aneurysm but does not provide direct visualization of the aneurysm.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (Both A and B) because tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by four defects, including ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Surgical management involves repairing these defects to improve blood flow and oxygenation. Option A (Ventricular septal defect) is incorrect because it only addresses one of the defects in tetralogy of Fallot. Option B (Pulmonary stenosis) is also incorrect as it only focuses on another single defect. Option D (None of the above) is incorrect as surgical management typically involves addressing both defects to effectively treat tetralogy of Fallot.