What can amniotomy cause?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Amniotomy is a procedure where the amniotic sac is artificially ruptured to induce or accelerate labor. Choice A, a six-hour decrease of labor, is incorrect because while amniotomy can sometimes speed up labor, it is not guaranteed to reduce labor by a specific amount of time. It may vary depending on individual factors. Choice C, elevated blood pressure, is also incorrect. Amniotomy does not directly cause elevated blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure during labor can be a sign of other complications such as preeclampsia, but it is not a direct result of amniotomy. Choice D, second stage labor dystocia, is also incorrect. Amniotomy is more commonly associated with the first stage of labor rather than the second stage. Second stage labor dystocia is usually related to issues with the baby's position or maternal pushing efforts, not the rupture of the amniotic sac. The correct answer is B, chorioamnionitis. Amniotomy increases the risk of chorioamnionitis, which is an infection of the fetal membranes. This is because the protective barrier of the amniotic sac is broken, providing a pathway for bacteria to enter and infect the amniotic fluid. Chorioamnionitis can lead to serious complications for both the mother and baby, including sepsis and preterm birth. It is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor for signs of infection after an amniotomy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Intrauterine fetal demise refers to the death of a fetus inside the uterus before birth. One of the signs of intrauterine fetal demise is decreased or absent fetal movement. This occurs because the fetus is no longer alive and therefore cannot move. Fetal movement is a reassuring sign of fetal well-being, so a lack of movement is concerning. Increased fetal heart rate (Choice A) is not a sign of intrauterine fetal demise. In fact, a rapid fetal heart rate can indicate fetal distress or other issues, but it is not typically associated with fetal demise. Vaginal bleeding (Choice B) can be a sign of various complications during pregnancy, such as placental abruption or placenta previa, but it is not a specific sign of intrauterine fetal demise. Macrosomia (Choice D) refers to a baby who is significantly larger than average at birth. This is not a sign of intrauterine fetal demise but rather a risk factor for complications during delivery, such as shoulder dystocia. In summary, the correct answer is C because decreased or absent fetal movement is a significant sign of intrauterine fetal demise, while the other choices are not specific indicators of this condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Malnutrition during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth restriction. This is because when a pregnant woman does not consume enough essential nutrients, the developing fetus may not receive adequate nourishment for optimal growth and development. This can lead to low birth weight, small for gestational age, or intrauterine growth restriction. Choice B, fetal macrosomia, is incorrect because this condition refers to a baby being significantly larger than average at birth. This is typically associated with maternal diabetes or excessive weight gain during pregnancy, not malnutrition. Choice C, group B strep, is incorrect because this is a type of bacterial infection that can be passed from a mother to her baby during childbirth. It is not directly related to maternal malnutrition during pregnancy. Choice D, precipitous birth, is incorrect because this term refers to an unusually quick labor and delivery, which can occur regardless of the mother's nutritional status during pregnancy. In summary, malnutrition during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth restriction due to the lack of essential nutrients for proper fetal development. It is important for pregnant women to maintain a balanced diet to support the health and growth of their baby.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Vacuum extractors are commonly used during vaginal deliveries to assist with the extraction of the baby. One potential complication of vacuum extractor use is a cephalohematoma, which is the collection of blood between the skull bone and its fibrous covering. This can occur due to the pressure exerted on the baby's head during the extraction process, leading to a localized swelling. Choice B, face presentation, is not a fetal complication of vacuum extractor use. Face presentation refers to the position of the baby's head during delivery, where the face presents first instead of the top of the head. This is a different issue unrelated to vacuum extraction. Choice C, fetal growth restriction, is also not a fetal complication of vacuum extractor use. Fetal growth restriction occurs when a baby does not grow at the expected rate inside the womb, leading to a smaller than average size. This is a result of various factors such as maternal health, placental issues, or genetic factors, rather than vacuum extraction. Choice D, scalp fracture, is not a common complication of vacuum extractor use. While it is possible for a scalp fracture to occur during a difficult delivery, it is not specific to vacuum extraction. Scalp fractures are more commonly associated with the use of forceps or other instruments during delivery, rather than vacuum extraction. In summary, the correct answer is A (cephalohematoma) because it is a recognized fetal complication of vacuum extractor use. Face presentation (B), fetal growth restriction (C), and scalp fracture (D) are not directly related to vacuum extraction and do not typically result from its use.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Vasa previa is the condition where the umbilical cord vessels cross the cervix. This can be a dangerous situation during pregnancy and delivery because the vessels are not protected by Wharton's jelly or the umbilical cord itself, making them vulnerable to rupture and fetal hemorrhage if the membranes rupture before delivery. This condition is a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention to prevent harm to the baby. Placenta previa, on the other hand, is a condition where the placenta implants low in the uterus and covers part or all of the cervix. This can cause painless bleeding in the third trimester and can lead to complications during delivery, but it is not specifically related to the umbilical cord vessels crossing the cervix. Placenta cervix is not a recognized medical term and does not describe any specific condition related to the umbilical cord or placenta. Velamentous insertion is a condition where the umbilical cord inserts into the fetal membranes rather than directly into the placenta. This can also lead to complications during delivery, but it does not involve the umbilical cord vessels crossing the cervix. In summary, vasa previa is the correct answer because it specifically describes the condition where the umbilical cord vessels cross the cervix, putting the baby at risk for serious complications. Placenta previa, placenta cervix, and velamentous insertion are incorrect because they do not involve this specific anatomical situation.