What are type I interferons and how are they produ

Question 1 of 5

What are type I interferons and how are they produced?

A. Proteins that interfere with viral reproduction; produced by neutrophils B. Warning signals that interfere with viral reproduction; produced by macrophages C. Proteins that interfere with viral reproduction; produced by pDCs using TLR7 and 9 to detect viral RNA and DNA D. Warning signals that interfere with viral reproduction; produced by NK cells

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Type I interferons inhibit viral replication and are made by plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) via TLR7/9 ; not neutrophils , macrophages , or NK cells .

Question 2 of 5

What is the function of IgA in the intestine?

A. To cause inflammation B. To produce cytokines C. To bind to microbes and prevent them from adhering to the epithelial cells D. To produce short-chain fatty acids

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: IgA binds microbes to block adhesion ; it doesn't inflame , produce cytokines , or SCFAs .

Question 3 of 5

Which is not a property of the red pulp within the spleen?

A. produces lymphocytes B. has erythrocytes C. has macrophages D. produces erythrocytes

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Red pulp filters blood with erythrocytes and macrophages , not lymph ; erythrocyte production is fetal, not adult.

Question 4 of 5

Epithelial surfaces provide the first line of defense against infection by the use of several types of mechanisms. One of the chemical mechanisms used by epithelia is:

A. Joining of epithelial cells by tight junctions B. Secretion of antimicrobial peptides by epithelial cells C. Production of mucus, tears, or saliva in the nose, eyes, and oral cavity D. Movement of mucus by cilia

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Antimicrobial peptides are chemical defenses; tight junctions are physical, mucus and cilia are mechanical.

Question 5 of 5

The drawing in Figure Q4.12 shows antibodies bound to repetitive epitopes on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. Even though all of these epitopes are identical, not all of them have antibodies bound to them. The most likely explanation for this failure of antibodies to bind to every possible epitope on the surface of the pathogen is:

A. There is an insufficient amount of antibody to saturate all the epitopes B. The pathogen has an immune evasion strategy to avoid antibody binding to all epitopes C. Some of the epitopes cannot bind antibody due to steric hindrance D. The antibodies are only able to bind when both antigen-binding sites are engaged on the pathogen surface

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Steric hindrance limits binding to all epitopes; insufficient antibody , evasion , or dual-site binding are less likely.

What are type I interferons and how are they produced?

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