What are the two types of TCRs?

Question 1 of 5

A. Alpha and beta B. AB and CD C. YD and CD D.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: TCRs are alpha-beta or gamma-delta; AB/CD/YD/CD are not standard notations.

Question 2 of 5

How are B cells activated?

A. A B cell is activated when it encounters an antigen that matches its B cell receptors and receives cytokines from helper T cells B. B cells are activated when they encounter their twin T cell component C. B cells are activated when red blood cells release cytokines D. B cells are activated when their matching antibodies attach to their surfaces and macrophages release cytokines

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: B cells need antigen binding to BCRs and T-helper cytokines ; no twin T cells , RBCs , or antibody-macrophage mechanism activate them.

Question 3 of 5

Lymph nodes function as meeting points between antigen-bearing dendritic cells arriving from the tissue and recirculating B and T lymphocytes. Whereas the dendritic cells coming from the tissue enter the lymph node via the afferent lymphatic vessels, the recirculating lymphocytes enter the lymph node:

A. Also from the lymph fluid draining the tissue B. Directly from their primary lymphoid organ where they develop C. From the blood by crossing the high endothelial venules D. By being trapped in the lymphoid follicle by resident macrophages

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lymphocytes enter lymph nodes via blood through high endothelial venules ; not lymph , primary organs , or trapping .

Question 4 of 5

Stimulation of the nucleic acid sensing TLRs that reside in endosomal membranes induces the production of a different cytokine response than is produced by stimulation of the plasma membrane TLRs. In part, this distinction is based on the different adapter proteins used by the nucleic acid sensing TLRs, leading to the activation of IRF factors. The cytokine response following stimulation of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs is characterized by production of:

A. The antiviral cytokine, type I interferon B. TNF-Î±, which induces increased vascular permeability C. Antimicrobial peptides by macrophages D. Chemokines that recruit neutrophils

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Endosomal TLRs (e.g., TLR-3/7/9) produce type I interferon via IRF; TNF-Î± , peptides , or chemokines are plasma TLR-related.

Question 5 of 5

The mechanism of cross-presentation by dendritic cells is an essential pathway for generating CD8 T cell responses to some intracellular pathogens. If this pathway did not exist, we would be highly susceptible to:

A. Intracellular pathogens that can survive inside macrophage endocytic vesicles B. Intracellular pathogens that are able to evade antibody responses C. Intracellular pathogens that do not infect and replicate in dendritic cells D. Intracellular pathogens that can spread from cell to cell by inducing cell fusion

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Cross-presentation targets pathogens not infecting DCs ; macrophages , evasion , or fusion are less specific.

What are the two types of TCRs?

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