What are the three ways in which the complement sy

Question 1 of 5

What are the three ways in which the complement system can be activated?

A. Classical pathway, antigen-dependent pathway, spontaneous pathway B. Alternative pathway, antigen-independent pathway, mannose-binding pathway C. Classical pathway, alternative pathway, lectin activation pathway D. Classical pathway, antibody-independent pathway, lectin binding pathway

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Complement activates via classical (antibody-dependent), alternative (spontaneous), and lectin (mannose-binding) pathways ; other options misname pathways.

Question 2 of 5

What is activation-induced cell death (AICD)?

A. A mechanism to activate T cell proliferation B. A mechanism to eliminate obsolete T cells after re-stimulation C. A mechanism to produce cytokines to restrain the immune system D. A mechanism to reduce the affinity of B7 protein to bind with CTLA-4 protein

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: AICD removes overstimulated T cells ; it's not for proliferation , cytokine production , or B7 affinity .

Question 3 of 5

Which of the following molecules is not generally produced by T cells and macrophages?

A. growth-inhibiting factors B. cytokines C. colony-stimulating factors D. tissue thromboplastin

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Tissue thromboplastin is a clotting factor, not from T cells/macrophages; growth factors , cytokines , and CSFs are immune-related.

Question 4 of 5

Secondary (or peripheral) lymphoid organs are sites for initiation of adaptive immune responses. Given the rarity of lymphocytes specific for any given antigen and the vast amount of body tissue that must be protected, the system of secondary lymphoid tissues is efficient because:

A. It concentrates antigens in centralized locations for rare lymphocytes to encounter B. It provides the optimal environment for the rapid proliferation of lymphocytes C. It traps the pathogens and antigens in a contained environment so they cannot spread to other tissues in the body D. It helps the innate immune cells eliminate the infection by using lymphatic fluid to drain pathogens from the infected tissue

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Secondary lymphoid organs concentrate antigens for rare lymphocytes; proliferation follows, trapping or innate clearance are less primary.

Question 5 of 5

As a family, TLRs can recognize PAMPs associated with a broad array of different pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Patients with a specific susceptibility to herpesvirus infections have a defect in their ability to respond to viral nucleic acids using TLR-3, TLR-7, or TLR-9, even though these proteins are expressed in the patients' cells. Analysis of the TLRs in macrophages and dendritic cells from these patients would likely show which of the arrangements in Figure Q3.11?

A. B. C. D.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Assuming Q3.11 shows TLR defects, a signaling defect explains susceptibility despite expression; exact arrangement inferred.

What are the three ways in which the complement system can be activated?

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