What are the three stages of Selye's general adaptation syndrome, in order?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) alarm, resistance, exhaustion. Selye's general adaptation syndrome describes the body's response to stress in three stages. Firstly, the alarm stage is the initial reaction to a stressor, where the body goes into a fight-or-flight mode to prepare for the challenge. This physiological response includes increased heart rate, heightened senses, and the release of stress hormones like adrenaline. Secondly, the resistance stage is where the body attempts to cope with the ongoing stressor. During this phase, the body tries to adapt to the stressor and maintain a state of alertness and readiness to deal with the situation. Lastly, the exhaustion stage occurs when the body's resources are depleted from prolonged exposure to stress. This stage can lead to physical and emotional burnout, increased vulnerability to illness, and a decreased ability to cope with additional stressors. Option A) fight-or-flight, defense, withdrawal does not align with Selye's general adaptation syndrome stages. Fight-or-flight is part of the alarm stage, but defense and withdrawal are not specific stages in this model. Option C) allostatic load, stress, return to normalcy confuses the concept of allostatic load, which is the long-term wear and tear on the body due to chronic stress, with the stages of general adaptation syndrome. Option D) denial, adaptation, acceptance does not correspond to the physiological responses outlined in Selye's model. While adaptation is part of the general adaptation syndrome, denial and acceptance are psychological coping mechanisms rather than distinct physiological stages. Understanding Selye's general adaptation syndrome is crucial in comprehending how the body responds to stress and the potential consequences of prolonged stress exposure. Educating individuals about these stages can help them recognize and manage their stress levels effectively to prevent negative health outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is B) A less intense but longer-lasting form of depression. Dysthymia is a type of chronic depression where individuals experience persistent low mood, lack of interest or pleasure in daily activities, and feelings of hopelessness. It is characterized by milder symptoms compared to major depressive disorder but lasts for a longer duration, typically for at least two years in adults and one year in adolescents. Option A is incorrect because dysthymia is not a movement disorder but rather a mood disorder. It is not caused by psychoactive medication but is believed to result from a combination of biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Option C is incorrect as dysthymia is not characterized by fast, disconnected thoughts. Instead, individuals with dysthymia typically experience persistent feelings of sadness and low energy. Option D is incorrect as dysthymia is not the early phase of a bipolar episode. Bipolar disorder involves periods of mania and depression, whereas dysthymia is a chronic low-grade depression without the presence of manic episodes. Educationally, understanding the distinction between dysthymia and other mood disorders is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Recognizing the symptoms and duration of dysthymia can help healthcare professionals provide appropriate interventions and support for individuals struggling with this chronic condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In behavior therapy, distressing symptoms are seen primarily as the result of learning, which is why option A, "The result of learning," is the correct answer. This perspective aligns with the principles of behaviorism, which suggest that behaviors, including distressing symptoms, are learned responses to environmental stimuli. Behavior therapy aims to modify these learned behaviors through techniques such as classical and operant conditioning. Option B, "The result of your unconscious impulses," is incorrect as it pertains more to psychodynamic theories such as Freudian psychoanalysis, where symptoms are believed to stem from unconscious conflicts and impulses. Option C, "The result of repressed desires," is also incorrect as it reflects a psychodynamic perspective similar to option B, focusing on unconscious desires rather than learned behaviors. Option D, "A chemical imbalance," is incorrect in the context of behavior therapy, as it pertains more to biological or medical models of understanding psychobiological disorders, such as those treated with medication or biological interventions. Understanding that distressing symptoms are primarily a result of learned behaviors is crucial in behavior therapy as it guides the selection and implementation of appropriate therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. By recognizing the role of learning in symptom development, therapists can employ strategies to unlearn these behaviors and promote healthier, adaptive responses in individuals experiencing psychobiological disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) cognitive; affective; behavioral. In psychology, attitudes are typically understood as having three components: cognitive (thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object), affective (emotional response to the attitude object), and behavioral (tendencies to act in a certain way towards the attitude object). This model, known as the ABC model of attitudes, highlights the interconnected nature of these components in shaping our attitudes and behaviors. Option A) cognitive; duration; consistency is incorrect because duration and consistency are not the standard components used to describe attitudes. While cognitive is one of the components, duration and consistency do not capture the essence of attitudes. Option B) strength; consistency; duration is incorrect because although consistency is a component of attitudes, strength and duration are not the typical components used to describe attitudes. These terms do not align with the traditional understanding of attitudes. Option C) behavioral; effective; personal is incorrect because effective is not a standard component of attitudes. The correct term should be affective, which refers to the emotional component of attitudes. Personal does not capture the cognitive aspect of attitudes. Educational Context: Understanding the components of attitudes is essential in psychology as attitudes play a crucial role in shaping behavior and decision-making. By recognizing the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of attitudes, individuals can better understand how attitudes are formed, maintained, and changed. This knowledge is valuable in various fields, including clinical psychology, social psychology, and organizational behavior, as it helps in predicting and influencing human behavior.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Having a parent with a substance abuse problem has been designated an adverse psychosocial condition that increases the risk of a child developing a psychiatric condition. Being in a middle-income family and being the oldest child do not represent psychosocial adversity. Having a family history of schizophrenia presents a risk, but an alcoholic parent in the family offers a greater risk.