What are the therapeutic and adverse effects associated with the adrenergic blocking agents related to?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The therapeutic and adverse effects associated with these drugs are related to their adrenergic-receptor-site specificity; that is, the ability to react with specific adrenergic receptor sites without activating them, thus preventing the typical manifestations of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation. By occupying the adrenergic receptor site, they prevent norepinephrine released from the nerve terminal or from the adrenal medulla from activating the receptor, thus blocking the SNS effects. The nurse should understand the mechanism of action of adrenergic blocking agents to ensure safe and effective administration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hydroxychloroquine can cause retinal toxicity, leading to vision loss. Regular ophthalmologic examinations are essential to detect early signs of toxicity. While dental, pulmonary, and endocrine health are important, they are not directly related to hydroxychloroquine's side effects. Monitoring for retinal changes is critical to ensure the safe use of this medication.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Paracetamol overdose risks fatal hepatotoxicity via NAPQI, a toxic metabolite depleting glutathione. Methionine replenishes glutathione orally, effective if given early, but less preferred due to slower action and GI upset. Acetylcysteine, administered IV or orally, directly supplies glutathione precursors, neutralizing NAPQI within the critical 8-12 hour window, making it the first-choice antidote per global guidelines (e.g., Rumack-Matthew nomogram). It's superior for its rapid efficacy, especially beyond 8 hours, preventing liver failure. Naloxone reverses opioids, irrelevant here. Dicobalt edetate treats cyanide poisoning, not paracetamol. Flumazenil targets benzodiazepines. Acetylcysteine's mechanism and timing flexibility ensure maximal survival, critical in emergency settings where overdose severity varies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for long-term use requires a central line because it delivers high-concentration nutrients directly into large veins, like the subclavian, to avoid peripheral vein damage and ensure effective nutrient distribution. Clients can manage TPN at home with proper training, debunking the idea they must stay hospitalized until it's discontinued. It's also administered continuously or cyclically via an infusion pump for precise control, not on a twice-weekly outpatient schedule, which aligns with parenteral nutrition's complexity. The pump ensures steady delivery, critical for metabolic stability, while TPN's comprehensive nutritional support meets all dietary needs intravenously. This central line approach is standard for prolonged therapy, distinguishing it from short-term peripheral options, and supports home management, enhancing quality of life while addressing nutritional deficits effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Therapeutic classification groups drugs by disease or condition treated (e.g., antihypertensives for hypertension), focusing on clinical use. Mechanism of action (e.g., beta-blockers) targets how drugs work. Chemical classification uses structure. Pharmacological overlaps but emphasizes action. Therapeutic fits, reflecting treatment purpose, a practical nursing framework.