What are the side effects of spinal anesthesia? Select one that doesn't apply.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: renal damage. Spinal anesthesia affects the nervous system, not the kidneys. Hypotension and respiratory depression are common side effects due to vasodilation and decreased respiratory drive. Infection can occur due to the invasive nature of the procedure. Renal damage is not a known side effect of spinal anesthesia as it does not directly affect kidney function.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: newborn respiratory depression. General anesthesia can cross the placental barrier and affect the newborn's respiratory system, leading to potential complications such as respiratory depression. This side effect is a major concern, especially in non-emergency situations, as it can pose risks to the newborn's health. Hyperactive newborns (A), increase in uterine contractions (C), and decrease in cervical dilation (D) are not typical side effects of general anesthesia that limit its use in emergency cases. These options are unrelated to the primary concern of newborn respiratory depression in the context of administering general anesthesia during childbirth.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: IV fluid bolus. Prior to epidural placement, administering an IV fluid bolus can help prevent a drop in blood pressure by increasing preload and maintaining cardiac output. This helps offset the vasodilation effects of the epidural anesthesia. Options A, C, and D are incorrect. Ephedrine (A) is not routinely used before epidural placement due to its potential adverse effects. Insertion of a urinary catheter (C) is not directly related to preventing a blood pressure drop. Upright positioning (D) may actually worsen hypotension by pooling blood in the lower extremities.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Left occiput posterior. In this position, the baby's occiput is towards the mother's back, leading to increased back discomfort during labor. The baby's position can put pressure on the mother's sacrum and lower back, causing more pain. Choices A, C, and D do not involve the baby's occiput being posterior, so they would not result in the same level of back discomfort.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Latent phase. This stage is ideal for teaching nonpharmacologic pain control methods as the patient is usually more receptive, relaxed, and able to focus. During the latent phase, contractions are typically mild and irregular, allowing the patient to learn and practice techniques effectively. In contrast, the active phase (choice B) is characterized by increased intensity and frequency of contractions, making it challenging for the patient to concentrate on learning. The second stage (choice C) is the pushing stage, where the focus shifts to pushing efforts rather than learning new techniques. The transition phase (choice D) is the most intense stage of labor, making it difficult for the patient to absorb and apply nonpharmacologic pain control methods effectively.