What are intermediate defenses?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because repression, displacement, reaction formation, and rationalization are all examples of intermediate defenses according to psychoanalytic theory. These defenses involve unconsciously distorting reality to cope with anxiety or conflict. Repression involves pushing unacceptable thoughts or feelings into the unconscious. Displacement redirects emotions from a threatening target to a less threatening one. Reaction formation involves expressing the opposite of one's true feelings. Rationalization involves creating logical explanations to justify unacceptable behaviors. The other choices (B, C, D) include defense mechanisms that do not fall under the category of intermediate defenses based on psychoanalytic theory.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because depression is characterized by a variety of symptoms including depressed mood, changes in sleep patterns, indecisiveness, decreased concentration, suicidal ideation, and changes in motor activity. Each of the other choices (A, B, C) only lists a subset of depression symptoms and do not encompass the full range of signs seen in individuals with depression. Therefore, only option D, "All of the above," is comprehensive and includes all the key symptoms associated with depression.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because conversion disorder presents with symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions. This is a key characteristic of conversion disorder where patients experience physical symptoms without a known medical explanation. These symptoms are not under conscious control and do not follow the typical pattern of neurological conditions. Choice B is incorrect because symptoms of conversion disorder are not linked to a specific cause but rather arise unconsciously. Choice C is incorrect as symptoms of conversion disorder cannot be easily explained by medical tests as they are psychological in nature. Choice D is incorrect because while conversion disorder is often related to psychological factors, it is not always the primary cause of the symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: MAST. MAST is specifically designed to screen for alcohol abuse and has been widely validated for this purpose. It consists of 25 questions that assess various aspects of alcohol use and related problems. The other choices are incorrect because: B: CAGE focuses on identifying alcohol dependence rather than abuse. C: AUDIT is used to identify risky or harmful drinking patterns, not necessarily abuse. D: BDI is a questionnaire for assessing depression, unrelated to alcohol abuse screening. In summary, MAST is the preferred questionnaire for possible alcohol abuse due to its specific focus and extensive validation in this area.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because serotonin is primarily known for its role in mood regulation and arousal. Serotonin helps regulate emotions, sleep, and appetite. It is involved in various mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. Choice B is incorrect because serotonin is not primarily involved in cognition and motivation. Choice C is incorrect as serotonin is not primarily involved in pain perception and muscle relaxation. Choice D is incorrect as serotonin is not primarily involved in learning and memory.