What are healthy defense mechanisms?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because altruism promotes helping others, sublimation channels negative impulses into positive actions, suppression temporarily sets aside unwanted thoughts, and humor helps cope with stress. Repression (B) involves pushing away unpleasant thoughts, displacement redirects emotions to a safer target, reaction formation masks true feelings, and rationalization justifies behaviors. Passive aggression (C) involves indirect hostility, splitting sees things as all good or all bad, projection attributes one's own thoughts to others, and denial refuses to acknowledge reality. Avoidance (D) avoids confronting issues, denial rejects the truth, repression suppresses thoughts, and projection blames others for one's own feelings.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: splitting. Splitting is a defense mechanism where individuals perceive people or situations as all good or all bad, unable to integrate the positive and negative qualities. This leads to black-and-white thinking and can impact relationships. Choice A (meeting others' needs) is more aligned with altruism. Choice B (substituting impulses) refers to sublimation. Choice C (denying disturbing feelings) is characteristic of denial. In contrast, splitting involves the inability to reconcile conflicting qualities, leading to extreme perceptions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because depression is characterized by a variety of symptoms including depressed mood, changes in sleep patterns, indecisiveness, decreased concentration, suicidal ideation, and changes in motor activity. Each of the other choices (A, B, C) only lists a subset of depression symptoms and do not encompass the full range of signs seen in individuals with depression. Therefore, only option D, "All of the above," is comprehensive and includes all the key symptoms associated with depression.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because conversion disorder presents with symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions. This is a key characteristic of conversion disorder where patients experience physical symptoms without a known medical explanation. These symptoms are not under conscious control and do not follow the typical pattern of neurological conditions. Choice B is incorrect because symptoms of conversion disorder are not linked to a specific cause but rather arise unconsciously. Choice C is incorrect as symptoms of conversion disorder cannot be easily explained by medical tests as they are psychological in nature. Choice D is incorrect because while conversion disorder is often related to psychological factors, it is not always the primary cause of the symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: MAST. MAST is specifically designed to screen for alcohol abuse and has been widely validated for this purpose. It consists of 25 questions that assess various aspects of alcohol use and related problems. The other choices are incorrect because: B: CAGE focuses on identifying alcohol dependence rather than abuse. C: AUDIT is used to identify risky or harmful drinking patterns, not necessarily abuse. D: BDI is a questionnaire for assessing depression, unrelated to alcohol abuse screening. In summary, MAST is the preferred questionnaire for possible alcohol abuse due to its specific focus and extensive validation in this area.