What are APCs?

Question 1 of 5

What are APCs?

A. Cells that can activate T cells B. Cells that can kill pathogens C. Cells that can produce antibodies D. Cells that can repair damaged tissue

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: APCs (antigen-presenting cells) activate T cells ; killing and antibody production are other cell roles, not repair .

Question 2 of 5

Which of these is not a nonspecific defense against disease

A. species resistance B. phagocytosis C. interferon D. hair color and texture

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hair color and texture don't defend against disease; species resistance , phagocytosis , and interferon are nonspecific defenses.

Question 3 of 5

Unlike B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes do not generate a secreted form of their antigen receptor after they are activated and proliferate. This is because the effector functions of T cells are restricted to:

A. Responses important in protozoan infections, but not other types of infections B. Interactions with large helminthic parasites, which cannot be phagocytosed C. Interactions with other cells, such as virus-infected cells or other immune cells D. Responses important in mucosal surfaces (e.g., the lung), where antibodies cannot go

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: T cells interact with cells (e.g., infected or immune cells) via TCR ; not limited to protozoa , helminths , or mucosa .

Question 4 of 5

Most normal tissues contain resident macrophages, and connective tissue sites in the gastrointestinal tract and the lung contain large numbers of these cells. Yet the blood also contains a high number of circulating 'classical' monocytes that can differentiate into macrophages after entering tissues. These circulating monocytes function to:

A. Phagocytose and kill pathogens in the blood B. Line the endothelial surfaces of the blood vessels with phagocytic cells C. Enter lymph nodes and patrol for infecting microbes in these organs D. Amplify the local innate immune response by entering tissues that are infected

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Monocytes enter infected tissues to become macrophages ; blood phagocytosis , lining , or lymph node patrol are less primary.

Question 5 of 5

Antibody diversity is generated by multiple mechanisms, each of which contributes to the generation of antibodies with up to 10^11 different amino acid sequences in their antigen-binding sites. Several of these mechanisms involve changes in the DNA sequences encoding the antibody heavy and light chain proteins. One mechanism that does not rely on changes to the DNA within the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain gene loci is, instead, dependent on:

A. The contributions of amino acids from both the heavy chain and the light chain to form the antigen-binding site B. The random usage of V, D, and J gene segments to form the heavy chain V region sequence C. The random usage of Îº light chains versus Î» light chains to pair with the heavy chain D. The activity of TdT to add random nucleotides at the junctions between the V, J, and D region sequences

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Heavy/light chain pairing is post-DNA; VDJ , Îº/Î» , and TdT alter DNA.

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