Water excretion:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing pharmacology, understanding water excretion is crucial in managing cardiovascular conditions in children. The correct answer is B) Is influenced by vasopressin. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), plays a key role in regulating water excretion by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephron, thus reducing urine output and conserving water in the body. This is especially important in pediatric patients to maintain fluid balance, blood pressure, and electrolyte levels. Option A) Is influenced by the proximal tubule is incorrect because the proximal tubule primarily reabsorbs water and solutes, not excretes water. Option C) Depends on erythropoietin is incorrect as erythropoietin is a hormone primarily involved in stimulating red blood cell production in the bone marrow, not in regulating water excretion. Option D) Is influenced by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is incorrect because the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions, not directly influencing water excretion. By understanding the role of vasopressin in water excretion, pediatric nurses can assess and manage conditions such as dehydration, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances in pediatric patients effectively. This knowledge is vital for providing safe and competent care to children with cardiovascular issues.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding the characteristic indices in anemia of chronic inflammation is crucial for providing effective care to pediatric patients. The correct answer is C) Decreased transferrin. In anemia of chronic inflammation, there is a disruption in iron metabolism characterized by increased levels of hepcidin, leading to decreased availability of iron for erythropoiesis. Transferrin is a protein that binds and transports iron in the blood. In this type of anemia, there is a decrease in transferrin levels due to the sequestration of iron within macrophages, thus reducing the amount of iron available for erythropoiesis. A) Increased MCV is incorrect because anemia of chronic inflammation is typically normocytic or microcytic, not macrocytic. B) Decreased ferritin is incorrect because ferritin levels are typically increased in anemia of chronic inflammation as a result of increased iron storage in macrophages. D) Normal MCHC is incorrect because anemia of chronic inflammation is often associated with a decrease in MCHC due to the disruption in iron metabolism. Understanding these characteristic indices in anemia of chronic inflammation is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition, as it guides appropriate assessment, monitoring, and treatment strategies to manage the anemia effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, option B) "Heparin acts through antithrombin III" is the correct statement. Heparin works by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III, which in turn inhibits several coagulation factors, leading to anticoagulation. This mechanism makes option B the correct answer. Option A) "Tissue plasminogen activator is derived from endothelium" is incorrect because tissue plasminogen activator is a recombinant protein, not derived from the endothelium. Option C) "Protein C deficiency is autosomal recessive transmitted" is incorrect as protein C deficiency is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Option D) "Protein C is vitamin K dependent" is incorrect because protein C is a vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant protein, not vitamin K-dependent itself. Educationally, understanding the mechanisms of action of anticoagulants and the inheritance patterns of coagulation disorders is crucial in pediatric nursing, especially in managing cardiovascular conditions in children. By grasping these concepts, nurses can provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients with cardiovascular issues.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Turner's syndrome. Turner's syndrome is a genetic condition caused by a missing or incomplete X chromosome in females. This chromosomal abnormality results in a variety of physical and developmental issues. Option A) Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5, not a chromosomal abnormality involving sex chromosomes like Turner's syndrome. Option B) Kearns-Sayre syndrome is a mitochondrial DNA deletion syndrome, not a chromosomal abnormality involving sex chromosomes like Turner's syndrome. Option C) Marfan's syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene, not a chromosomal abnormality involving sex chromosomes like Turner's syndrome. Educationally, understanding chromosomal abnormalities is crucial in pediatric nursing as it helps in identifying genetic conditions that can impact a child's health and development. Recognizing the specific syndromes associated with chromosomal abnormalities can guide healthcare professionals in providing appropriate care and support for affected patients and their families.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In autism, genetic factors may play a significant role in its etiology. This is the correct answer because research has shown that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a strong genetic component, with multiple genes contributing to its development. Environmental factors may also interact with these genetic factors to influence the risk of developing autism. Understanding the genetic basis of autism is crucial for early identification, intervention, and treatment strategies. Option A, stating that social interaction is normal in autism, is incorrect. Individuals with autism often struggle with social interactions, communication, and exhibit repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. This hallmark triad of symptoms is what characterizes autism spectrum disorders. Option B, suggesting that dopamine levels are reduced in autism, is also incorrect. While there is ongoing research on the role of neurotransmitters in autism, dopamine specifically has not been conclusively linked to the etiology of autism. Option D, claiming that Methylphenidate is used with benefit in autism, is incorrect. Methylphenidate is a medication commonly used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), not autism. Treatment for autism typically involves a multidisciplinary approach tailored to the individual's specific needs and symptoms. In an educational context, understanding the multifactorial nature of autism spectrum disorders, including the significant contribution of genetic factors, is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients. By recognizing the complex interplay between genetics and environment in the development of autism, nurses and other healthcare providers can better support individuals with autism and their families through early identification, appropriate interventions, and holistic care.