Vitamin used in the treatment of transient tyrosinemia of newborn?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the treatment of transient tyrosinemia of newborn, the correct vitamin to be used is Vitamin C (ascorbic acid). This is because Vitamin C plays a crucial role in the metabolism of tyrosine, the amino acid involved in tyrosinemia. Vitamin C helps in the conversion of tyrosine to other important compounds, aiding in the management of transient tyrosinemia. On the other hand, the other options - Vitamin A, Vitamin K, and Vitamin E - are not directly involved in the metabolism of tyrosine or the treatment of transient tyrosinemia. Vitamin A is essential for vision and immune function, Vitamin K is important for blood clotting, and Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells from damage. Understanding the specific roles of different vitamins in metabolic pathways and disease processes is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pharmacology and pediatrics. It helps in making informed decisions about treatment options and ensures optimal patient care. In the case of transient tyrosinemia of newborn, knowing that Vitamin C is the appropriate choice can make a significant difference in the outcome for the infant.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of diphtheria, the correct statement is A) Falling levels of immunity in the adult population is a reason for sporadic cases in the immunization era. This statement is accurate because even in the presence of immunization programs, sporadic cases can still occur due to waning immunity in the adult population who may not have received booster doses. Option B) Immunization abolishes carrier state is incorrect because while immunization helps prevent symptomatic diphtheria, it may not completely abolish the carrier state in all individuals. Option C) Antibiotic prophylaxis is not indicated for asymptomatic case contacts who are not carriers (negative cultures) is incorrect as antibiotic prophylaxis may be recommended in certain situations to prevent the spread of the disease, especially in high-risk populations. Option D) Asymptomatic case contacts who are carriers should be administered antibiotic prophylaxis and antitoxin is incorrect because not all asymptomatic carriers may require immediate antibiotic prophylaxis and antitoxin administration, as the treatment plan should be individualized based on various factors. Educationally, understanding the nuances of diphtheria management is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatric settings where vaccination and prevention strategies play a significant role. Knowing when to implement prophylactic measures and the reasons behind sporadic cases despite immunization efforts is essential for providing optimal care and preventing the spread of the disease.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the incorrect statement regarding shock is option D: "In hypovolemic shock mean arterial pressure is normal." The correct answer is D because in hypovolemic shock, there is a decrease in blood volume leading to a decrease in cardiac output, which subsequently results in a decrease in mean arterial pressure. This decrease in mean arterial pressure is a key characteristic of hypovolemic shock. Option A is incorrect because in cardiogenic shock, systemic vascular resistance is typically low due to decreased cardiac output. Option B is incorrect because in hypovolemic shock, the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is typically elevated as the body tries to compensate for the reduced blood volume. Option C is incorrect because in distributive shock, such as septic shock, central venous pressure is usually decreased due to vasodilation and pooling of blood in the periphery. Understanding the differences in the hemodynamic parameters in different types of shock is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in the field of pediatrics where shock can have rapid and severe consequences. It is important to recognize these differences to provide appropriate and timely interventions to stabilize pediatric patients in shock.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: 22q11 deletion syndrome, also known as DiGeorge syndrome, is commonly associated with congenital heart defects. The correct answer, D) D-Transposition of great arteries, is not typically associated with 22q11 deletion syndrome. This is because 22q11 deletion syndrome is more commonly linked to conotruncal defects such as Tetralogy of Fallot, Truncus arteriosus, and Interrupted aortic arch. Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by four heart defects, including a ventricular septal defect and overriding aorta, which are commonly seen in patients with 22q11 deletion. Truncus arteriosus is a condition where a single blood vessel comes out of the heart, which is also associated with 22q11 deletion. Interrupted aortic arch is a rare heart defect where the aorta is not fully developed, and it is another condition commonly found in individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome. In an educational context, understanding these associations is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially nurses, who care for pediatric patients with congenital heart conditions. Recognizing patterns of congenital anomalies can aid in early diagnosis, appropriate management, and genetic counseling for families affected by 22q11 deletion syndrome. This knowledge plays a vital role in providing holistic care to pediatric patients with complex medical needs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular conditions, understanding the concept of admixture lesions is crucial for nursing professionals. An admixture lesion arises when there is mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood due to structural defects in the heart. In this question, "Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum" is not an admixture lesion because it involves a complete blockage at the pulmonary valve, preventing blood flow to the lungs. This condition results in deoxygenated blood being unable to reach the lungs for oxygenation, without mixing with oxygenated blood. On the other hand, the other options listed - Transposition of great arteries, Truncus arteriosus, and Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection - all involve structural abnormalities leading to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood within the heart, thus representing admixture lesions. For nursing professionals, recognizing and understanding these distinctions is essential for providing appropriate care, monitoring for complications, and educating patients and families about these complex conditions. By grasping these concepts, nurses can effectively contribute to the holistic care of pediatric patients with cardiovascular conditions.