Vitamin B12 is important for all of the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vitamin B12 is crucial for various physiological functions in the body, particularly in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. In this case, option B, "skeletal development," is the correct answer as vitamin B12 does not play a direct role in this process. Option A, "hematopoiesis," is incorrect as vitamin B12 is essential for the production of red blood cells and supports normal blood cell formation. Option C, "psychomotor development," is incorrect because vitamin B12 is important for the neurological development that underpins psychomotor skills. Option D, "central nervous system myelination," is incorrect as vitamin B12 is vital for the proper myelination of nerves in the central nervous system. In a pediatric gastrointestinal nursing context, understanding the role of vitamin B12 is essential for providing appropriate care to children with gastrointestinal issues that may impact nutrient absorption. By knowing that vitamin B12 is primarily involved in hematopoiesis and neurological functions, nurses can better assess, plan, and implement interventions to support pediatric patients' overall health and development.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, the correct features include coxa vara and windswept deformity (Option D). Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip joint that presents with a decreased angle between the head and neck of the femur, leading to gait abnormalities. Windswept deformity refers to a characteristic pattern of leg deformity seen in this condition. Option A, craniotabes, frontal bossing, and rickets, are features commonly associated with nutritional rickets, not specifically X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Craniotabes is a softening of the skull, frontal bossing refers to a prominent forehead, and rickets is a condition characterized by weakened or soft bones. Option B, scoliosis and lordosis, are not typical features of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine, while lordosis is an inward curvature of the lower back. Option C, rachitic rosary and Harrison groove, are classic findings in vitamin D deficiency rickets, not X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Rachitic rosary describes a beading of the ribs at the costochondral junctions, and Harrison groove is a horizontal groove at the level of the diaphragm due to the pulling of respiratory muscles in rickets. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for pediatric gastrointestinal nurses as they care for children with various metabolic bone disorders. Recognizing the specific clinical features of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets aids in accurate diagnosis, appropriate interventions, and improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets because this hereditary form of rickets can manifest in apparently healthy carriers, such as the mother in this case. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to regulate phosphate levels, leading to symptoms like bowed legs, short stature, and bone deformities. The mother may show mild or no symptoms but can pass on the genetic mutation to her offspring. Option B) autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets is incorrect because it does not typically present in carriers who are asymptomatic. This type of rickets requires the affected individual to show symptoms. Option C) autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets is also incorrect as carriers usually do not exhibit symptoms, making it less likely to help diagnose an apparently healthy mother with the disease. Option D) Fanconi syndrome is not a form of rickets but rather a kidney disorder that affects the reabsorption of various substances in the kidney tubules. It is not directly related to the hereditary forms of rickets mentioned in the question. In an educational context, understanding the different forms of rickets and their hereditary patterns is crucial for pediatric gastrointestinal nurses when assessing patients with suspected genetic conditions. Recognizing the subtle signs in apparently healthy carriers can aid in early diagnosis and intervention, especially in families with a history of genetic disorders. This knowledge helps nurses provide comprehensive care and genetic counseling to families affected by hereditary diseases.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric gastrointestinal nursing, understanding the role of vitamin K is crucial as its deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders. The correct answer is C) Factor VII. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver, with Factor VII being one of them. Without sufficient vitamin K, Factor VII levels decrease, leading to impaired blood clotting and an increased risk of bleeding. Option A) Factor I is fibrinogen, which is not primarily dependent on vitamin K for its synthesis. Option B) Factor II is prothrombin, another clotting factor synthesized with the help of vitamin K, but Factor VII is the first factor to be affected by vitamin K deficiency. Option D) Factor IX is also dependent on vitamin K for synthesis, but it is not the first factor affected. Understanding the sequence of clotting factors affected by vitamin K deficiency is essential in managing bleeding disorders in pediatric patients. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of vitamin K in pediatric gastrointestinal nursing and emphasizes the need for nurses to recognize the early signs of vitamin K deficiency to prevent serious complications like hemorrhage in pediatric patients. By understanding the specific clotting factors affected by vitamin K deficiency, nurses can intervene promptly and effectively to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric gastrointestinal nursing interventions, dysphagia is best described as difficulty swallowing (Option D). This is the correct answer because dysphagia refers to a swallowing disorder that can affect a child's ability to chew or swallow food and liquids safely and effectively. In pediatric patients, dysphagia can lead to serious complications such as malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia. Option A, pain on swallowing, is not the best description of dysphagia as it specifically refers to odynophagia, which is characterized by pain while swallowing, rather than difficulty in the act of swallowing itself. Option B, emesis without nausea, is incorrect as it describes vomiting without the sensation of nausea, which is not indicative of dysphagia. Option C, drooling due to obstruction, is also inaccurate as drooling is more commonly associated with neurological disorders or anatomical abnormalities rather than dysphagia. In an educational context, understanding the correct definition of dysphagia is crucial for pediatric nurses as they play a vital role in assessing, managing, and educating both patients and their families about this condition. By recognizing the signs and symptoms of dysphagia early on, nurses can implement appropriate interventions to ensure safe feeding practices and prevent complications in pediatric patients with swallowing difficulties.