Vitamin A supplementation given largely to infants < 1,000 g resulted in all the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, the correct answer, which is D, states that vitamin A supplementation given to infants <1,000 g does not decrease the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This is because ECMO is a life-saving intervention typically used in severe cases of respiratory failure and not directly influenced by vitamin A supplementation. Option A, B, and C are incorrect because vitamin A supplementation has been shown to decrease mortality rates, reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and lower the risk of nosocomial sepsis in preterm infants. These benefits are well-documented in research studies and clinical practice, highlighting the importance of vitamin A in improving outcomes for premature infants. Educationally, understanding the effects of vitamin A supplementation in preterm infants is crucial for pediatric nurses as they play a key role in providing care to this vulnerable population. By knowing the benefits and limitations of interventions such as vitamin A supplementation, nurses can ensure evidence-based practice and optimize the care provided to preterm infants to promote better health outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The statement 'Isoimmune hemolytic disease may be found in first-born infants irrespective of infant blood group' is incorrect. Isoimmune hemolytic disease typically occurs when maternal antibodies cross the placenta and attack fetal red blood cells. This is more common in subsequent pregnancies due to sensitization during the first pregnancy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Postaxial polydactyly = Extra thumb or toe present on the medial side of the hand. This is the false definition because postaxial polydactyly refers to the presence of an extra digit on the outer (lateral) side of the hand or foot, not the medial side. A) Brachydactyly = A condition of having short digits. This is a true statement. Brachydactyly is a medical term used to describe a condition where the fingers or toes are abnormally short. C) Clinodactyly = A medial or lateral curving of the fingers. This is a true statement. Clinodactyly refers to a condition where there is an abnormal curvature of the fingers, either towards the middle (medial) or away from the middle (lateral) of the hand. D) Camptodactyly = Permanent flexion of one or more fingers. This is a true statement. Camptodactyly is a condition characterized by a permanent flexion deformity of one or more fingers. Understanding these definitions is crucial in the field of pediatric nursing as these conditions can be present in newborns or children and may require specialized care or interventions. Recognizing these terms and their corresponding definitions can aid in proper assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric patients with these conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) in neonates and pediatric patients is crucial for early recognition and intervention in critically ill children. The correct answer, D) Cardiac dysfunction, is not typically included in the definition of SIRS in this population. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria in neonates and pediatric patients usually consist of temperature instability, abnormal white blood cell (WBC) count, and respiratory dysfunction. These are the hallmark signs of an inflammatory response in pediatric patients and are commonly used to identify and monitor SIRS. Temperature instability is a key indicator as fever or hypothermia can be early signs of systemic inflammation in children. Abnormal white blood cell count, especially leukocytosis or leukopenia, is a common feature of an inflammatory response. Respiratory dysfunction, such as tachypnea or increased work of breathing, is also a significant component of SIRS in pediatric patients due to the impact of inflammation on the respiratory system. Cardiac dysfunction, while important in critically ill patients, is not typically included in the definition of SIRS in neonates and pediatric patients. In pediatric nursing practice, recognizing and differentiating these signs are essential for prompt assessment, diagnosis, and management of pediatric patients with inflammatory conditions. Understanding these distinctions can lead to timely interventions and improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In understanding the vulnerability of different age groups to somatoform disorders, it is crucial to consider the developmental stages and psychosocial factors that contribute to the presentation of these disorders. Adolescence is a period marked by significant physical, emotional, and social changes. Adolescent girls, in particular, are at a higher risk for somatoform disorders due to various factors such as hormonal fluctuations, body image issues, peer pressure, and stress related to academic performance or relationships. Infants of both sexes are less likely to develop somatoform disorders as they are not yet cognitively developed to manifest symptoms in the same way older children or adolescents do. Male toddlers, though they may experience physical symptoms, are generally less prone to somatoform disorders compared to adolescent girls due to the lower prevalence of these disorders in males and their limited cognitive and social development at that age. Young children of female gender may exhibit physical symptoms but are not as vulnerable as adolescent girls due to the different developmental stage and psychosocial factors influencing their health behaviors. Educationally, understanding the age and gender vulnerabilities to somatoform disorders is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric populations. This knowledge can aid in early identification, appropriate intervention, and targeted support for at-risk individuals. By recognizing the specific vulnerabilities of adolescent girls, healthcare professionals can provide tailored care and support to address the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to somatoform disorders in this population.