Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A Rationale: 1. VLDL is a lipoprotein containing a very large proportion of lipids to protein. 2. It carries cholesterol from the liver to the tissues. 3. VLDL is a precursor to LDL, carrying triglycerides and cholesterol. 4. Choice A correctly describes the characteristics and function of VLDL. Summary: - Choice B is incorrect as it describes LDL, not VLDL. - Choice C is incorrect as it describes HDL, not VLDL. - Choice D is incorrect as it describes chylomicrons, not VLDL.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because etidronate is actually a 1st generation biphosphonate, not a 2nd generation one. The skeletal half-life of etidronate is short, not hundreds of days like option A suggests. Bioavailability of etidronate decreases with the administered dose, making option B incorrect. In summary, etidronate is a 1st generation biphosphonate with a short skeletal half-life and decreasing bioavailability with higher doses.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Amiloride (Midamor). Amiloride is typically given in combination with a thiazide diuretic to counteract potassium loss caused by thiazides. Thiazides like Hydrochlorothiazide (Choice C) and loop diuretics like Furosemide (Choice B) can lead to hypokalemia, which is why amiloride is used to spare potassium. Acetazolamide (Choice A) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and is not typically combined with thiazide diuretics for potassium-sparing effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because aminoglycosides are known to cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as unwanted effects. Ototoxicity refers to damage to the inner ear structures, leading to hearing loss or imbalance, while nephrotoxicity refers to kidney damage. Pancytopenia (choice A) is not typically associated with aminoglycosides. Hepatotoxicity (choice B) is not a common side effect of aminoglycosides. Irritation of gastrointestinal mucosa (choice D) is also not a known adverse effect of aminoglycosides.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inhibition of DNA gyrase. Fluoroquinolones target DNA gyrase, an enzyme involved in bacterial DNA replication and repair. By inhibiting DNA gyrase, fluoroquinolones prevent bacterial DNA from unwinding and replicating, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death. Explanation of other choices: A: Inhibition of phospholipase C - This is incorrect as fluoroquinolones do not target phospholipase C. C: Inhibition of bacterial cell synthesis - While fluoroquinolones do affect bacterial cell synthesis indirectly by inhibiting DNA gyrase, this is not the primary mechanism of action. D: Alteration of cell membrane permeability - This is incorrect as fluoroquinolones primarily target DNA gyrase, not cell membrane permeability.