Vasculitis can be caused by

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the causes of vasculitis is crucial for providing comprehensive care to pediatric patients. In this question, the correct answer is C) penicillamine. Penicillamine is a medication used in the treatment of Wilson's disease and rheumatoid arthritis, and it is known to be associated with drug-induced vasculitis. Option A) isoniazid is primarily used in the treatment of tuberculosis and is not a common cause of vasculitis. Option B) sulfonamide antibiotics are known to be associated with drug-induced lupus but not vasculitis. Option D) calcium channel blockers are used to treat conditions like hypertension and angina, but they are not typically associated with causing vasculitis. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of medication awareness in pediatric nursing practice. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about potential adverse effects of medications to monitor for and manage complications effectively. Understanding the relationship between certain medications and vasculitis can help nurses assess and intervene promptly to ensure positive patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding risk factors for persistent asthma is crucial for providing effective care to children. The correct answer, option B) allergic conjunctivitis, is not typically a risk factor for persistent asthma. Asthma and allergic conjunctivitis can coexist, but the presence of allergic conjunctivitis alone does not necessarily increase the risk of persistent asthma. Option A) atopic dermatitis is a known risk factor for persistent asthma. Children with atopic dermatitis are more likely to develop asthma due to the shared underlying allergic mechanisms. Option C) elevated total serum IgE levels in the first year of life is also a risk factor for persistent asthma. Elevated IgE levels are associated with allergic sensitization, which can contribute to asthma development. Option D) peripheral blood eosinophilia >4% in children aged 2-3 years is another risk factor for persistent asthma. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell involved in allergic responses, and their elevation can indicate ongoing allergic inflammation, which is common in asthma. Educationally, understanding these risk factors helps nurses in early identification, prevention, and management of pediatric asthma. By recognizing these factors, healthcare providers can implement appropriate interventions to reduce asthma exacerbations and improve the quality of life for children with asthma.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) cow milk protein. In infants and young children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, approximately 35% to 40% have coexisting food allergies. Cow's milk protein allergy is the most common cause of food-induced eczematous reactions in this population. Cow's milk protein allergy can manifest as eczema, gastrointestinal symptoms, respiratory symptoms, or a combination of these. It is crucial to identify and manage this allergy early to prevent further complications and improve the child's quality of life. Option A) wheat is incorrect because wheat allergy typically presents with symptoms like gastrointestinal issues or respiratory symptoms, rather than eczema. Option B) egg allergy can cause eczema in some cases, but it is less common than cow's milk protein allergy in infants with atopic dermatitis. Option C) fish allergy usually presents with different symptoms such as hives, swelling, or respiratory issues, rather than primarily causing eczema in infants with atopic dermatitis. Educationally, understanding the common food allergens associated with eczema in children is essential for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of food allergies can aid in timely diagnosis and appropriate management, leading to improved outcomes for children with atopic dermatitis and associated food allergies. A comprehensive approach to managing these conditions involves collaboration between healthcare providers, parents, and caregivers to provide optimal care for the child.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to understand the potential adverse effects of medications commonly used in children. In this case, the correct answer is C) penicillin. Penicillin is the most common medication implicated in serum sickness, which is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by fever, rash, joint pain, and malaise. Penicillin is known to trigger an immune response that can lead to the development of serum sickness in susceptible individuals, including children. The other options (A) gentamicin, (B) ceftriaxone, and (D) carbamazepine are not typically associated with serum sickness. Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic known for its nephrotoxic and ototoxic effects. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic commonly used in pediatrics. Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant medication used in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological disorders. Understanding the implications of medication reactions in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to provide safe and effective care. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of serum sickness and knowing the medications commonly associated with this condition can help nurses intervene promptly and appropriately to ensure the well-being of their young patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the long-term complications following acute bronchiolitis is crucial for providing comprehensive care to children. The correct answer is A) Adenovirus. Bronchiolitis obliterans is a rare but serious complication that can occur after severe bronchiolitis caused by adenovirus infection. Adenovirus can lead to inflammation and scarring of the small airways in the lungs, resulting in bronchiolitis obliterans. Option B) Human metapneumovirus is incorrect because it is not typically associated with bronchiolitis obliterans. While human metapneumovirus can cause respiratory infections in children, it is not a common cause of this specific long-term complication. Option C) Influenza virus is also incorrect in this context. Influenza virus is known to cause respiratory illnesses, including bronchiolitis, but it is not the primary virus associated with bronchiolitis obliterans. Option D) Parainfluenza virus is not the correct answer either. Parainfluenza virus is more commonly linked to croup and other upper respiratory infections in children, rather than bronchiolitis obliterans. Understanding the specific viruses associated with different respiratory conditions in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to deliver accurate assessments, interventions, and education to both patients and their families. Recognizing the long-term complications of respiratory infections helps nurses in anticipating potential complications, promoting early intervention, and improving patient outcomes.