Vanessa is a Canadian woman who has decided to terminate her pregnancy. If she is in her second trimester of pregnancy, then the method of termination will be

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and reproductive health, the correct answer to the question is A) dilation and evacuation. This method is the most appropriate for terminating a pregnancy in the second trimester as it involves a combination of dilation of the cervix and surgical evacuation of the uterine contents. This method is considered safe and effective for pregnancies beyond the first trimester. Option B) vacuum aspiration alone is typically used for terminating pregnancies in the first trimester, as it is less invasive and more suitable for early gestations. Option C) intravenous mifepristone is a medication used in combination with misoprostol for medical abortion in the first trimester, not for second-trimester terminations. Option D) oral levonorgestrel is a contraceptive method, not a termination method, and is used for emergency contraception, not for terminating established pregnancies. Educationally, understanding the appropriate methods for terminating pregnancies at different gestational ages is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those specializing in reproductive health. It ensures safe and effective care for patients seeking pregnancy termination and underscores the importance of evidence-based practice in pharmacology and obstetrics.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The only certain method of diagnosing endometriosis is by seeing it. Therefore, the nurse would expect to prepare the client for a laparoscopy to confirm the diagnosis. A pelvic examination and transvaginal ultrasound are done to assess for endometriosis but do not confirm its presence. Hysterosalpingography aids in identifying tubal problems resulting in infertility.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In postmenopausal women, hot flashes and night sweats are primarily caused by estrogen deficiency. Estrogen plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature, and its decline during menopause can lead to vasomotor symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats. By addressing estrogen deficiency, healthcare providers can effectively manage these symptoms through hormone replacement therapy or other interventions. Option A, poor dietary intake, is incorrect because while nutrition is important for overall health, it is not the primary cause of hot flashes and night sweats in postmenopausal women. Option C, active lifestyle, is also incorrect as physical activity is beneficial for overall health but does not directly affect the hormonal changes leading to menopausal symptoms. Option D, changes in vaginal pH, is incorrect as this is more related to vaginal health and not the primary cause of hot flashes and night sweats. In an educational context, understanding the physiological changes during menopause and their impact on symptoms is crucial for healthcare providers to provide appropriate care and support to women going through this transition. By recognizing the role of estrogen deficiency in vasomotor symptoms, nurses can tailor their education and interventions to effectively help women manage these common menopausal complaints.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Breakthrough bleeding can occur when the hormonal levels in oral contraceptives are not adequate for the individual. The nurse should recommend that the client consult the health care provider for possible adjustment of the contraceptive dosage rather than switching methods or discontinuing use without guidance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Natural family planning, including the fertility awareness method, requires consistent tracking of signs such as basal body temperature and cervical mucus to identify fertile and infertile periods. It is not highly effective without effort, does not eliminate the need for other forms of contraception during fertile periods, and provides no protection against STIs.