Using Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, a nurse assigns highest priority to which client need?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Maslow's hierarchy ranks human needs in five levels: physiological (base), safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Physiological needsair, water, food, shelter, and elimination (Choice B)are foundational, as survival depends on them. Elimination, encompassing urination and defecation, is critical; its impairment (e.g., urinary retention) can cause immediate harm like infection or organ damage. Security (Choice A) and safety (Choice C) are second-level needs, addressing stability and protection, but they're irrelevant if physiological needs aren't mete.g., a client can't feel safe if they can't breathe or eliminate waste. Belonging (Choice D), a third-level need, involves relationships, which are secondary to survival. For example, a postoperative client with a blocked catheter faces a life-threatening physiological crisis, trumping safety or social needs. Nurses prioritize based on this hierarchy, making elimination (Choice B) the highest priority and correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Excessive sleep, or hypersomnia, often stems from central nervous system dysfunction, particularly the hypothalamus , which regulates sleep-wake cycles via the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and orexin neurons. Injury heree.g., from trauma or tumordisrupts circadian rhythm and arousal, causing prolonged sleep, as seen in conditions like narcolepsy or post-traumatic hypersomnia. The spinal cord conducts signals but doesn't control sleep; injury might cause paralysis, not hypersomnia. The pancreas manages glucose, and while hypoglycemia can induce fatigue, it doesn't directly govern sleep duration. The thyroid influences metabolism; hypothyroidism causes lethargy, but not abnormally long sleep periods distinct from fatigue. For example, a hypothalamic lesion might reduce orexin, a wake-promoting neurotransmitter, leading to 16-hour sleep days versus a normal 7-9. Nursing assessments would note this brain region's role in sleep homeostasis, per Taylor's text, confirming Choice C as the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nicotine withdrawal disrupts sleep due to its stimulant loss, but this resolves. 'Sleep problems from stopping smoking are temporary' is correct; insomnia peaks 1-3 weeks post-cessatione.g., nicotine's absence drops arousal, yet cravings wake patientsbut normalizes within months, per sleep research. Choice A, 'decide what's more important,' dismisses the patient's struggle, lacking empathy. Choice B, 'it might be better to smoke,' undermines cessation's health benefits (e.g., reduced cancer risk) and contradicts nursing ethics. Choice D, 'this will always be a problem,' is false; chronic insomnia isn't inevitable post-smokinge.g., most ex-smokers sleep normally by 6 months. A nurse, per Taylor, reassures with evidencee.g., 'Your brain's adjusting, it'll pass'promoting resilience. Choice C is the supportive, accurate response.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) treats sleep apnea, typically obstructive (OSA). 'Positive air pressure holds the airway open' is the rationale; it splints the pharynxe.g., 10 cmH2O pressure prevents collapse during inhalation, per AASM guidelines. Choice B, 'negative air pressure holds the airway closed,' is opposite and nonsensicale.g., worsening obstruction. Choice C, 'delivery of oxygen facilitates respiratory effort,' aids hypoxemia but isn't CPAP's mechanism; it's pressure, not O2, per se. Choice D, 'alternating waves of air,' fits BiPAP, not CPAP's constant flowe.g., no 'waves' in standard use. A nurse might adjust CPAP for a patient with 30 apneas/hour, per Taylor's respiratory care, ensuring patency. Choice A is the correct, mechanistic answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Effective sleep plans yield measurable rest gains. 'Identifies factors that interfere with normal sleep pattern' shows success; awarenesse.g., 'Caffeine at 8 p.m. keeps me up'enables change, per Taylor's outcome criteria. Choice A, 'inability to sleep without medications,' signals failuree.g., dependence, not independence. Choice B, 'continues to read in bed for hours,' persists poor hygienee.g., delaying sleep to 1 a.m. Choice D, 'minimal improvement,' admits partial gaine.g., 6 vs. 5 hoursbut not optimal. Identifying barriers (e.g., noise, stress) empowers patients, making Choice C the correct, effective outcome.