Upper respiratory infections (URI) in children may increase the risk of reactive airway disease. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of URI?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Injected sclerae. This is not a typical feature of upper respiratory infections (URI) in children. Fever (option A) is a common symptom of URI in children due to the body's immune response to the infection. Clear rhinorrhea (option B) is also a characteristic feature of URI, indicating nasal discharge without pus or blood. Productive cough (option D) is another common symptom of URI, where the child may cough up mucus or phlegm. Injected sclerae, which refers to redness in the white part of the eyes, is not a typical feature of URI. This symptom is more commonly associated with conditions like conjunctivitis or eye strain rather than upper respiratory infections. Educationally, understanding the typical features of URI in children is crucial for healthcare providers to accurately diagnose and manage these common childhood illnesses. By differentiating between typical and atypical symptoms, healthcare professionals can provide appropriate care and treatment to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question on pediatric Nclex practice, the child at risk for developing glomerulonephritis is option A) A 3-year-old who had impetigo 1 week ago. Glomerulonephritis is commonly caused by a preceding streptococcal infection such as impetigo. The infection triggers an immune response that affects the glomeruli in the kidneys, leading to inflammation and potential kidney damage. Option B) A 5-year-old with five UTIs in the previous year is at risk for urinary tract infections but not specifically for glomerulonephritis unless the UTIs are recurrent and severe. Option C) A 6-year-old with new-onset type 1 diabetes is at risk for diabetic nephropathy, a different kidney condition associated with diabetes. Option D) A 10-year-old recovering from viral pneumonia is not necessarily at increased risk for glomerulonephritis unless there were complications during the pneumonia episode affecting the kidneys. Educationally, understanding the link between certain infections like impetigo and glomerulonephritis is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing risk factors and early signs of kidney complications can lead to prompt intervention and prevention of long-term kidney damage in children.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and birth-related injuries, understanding risk factors for birth brachial plexus injury is crucial. The correct answer, option D, diabetic mother, is the exception among the listed risk factors. Option A, shoulder dystocia, is a known risk factor for birth brachial plexus injury due to the difficulty in delivering the baby's shoulder after the head has emerged. This can put excessive traction on the baby's brachial plexus nerves. Option B, birthweight greater than 4 kg, is another risk factor because larger babies may have a harder time passing through the birth canal, leading to increased risk of nerve injury during delivery. Option C, primiparous mothers, are also at higher risk as they have not given birth before and may have a higher likelihood of experiencing complications during delivery that could result in brachial plexus injury. Educationally, knowing these risk factors is essential for nurses caring for newborns and mothers during labor and delivery. By recognizing these factors, healthcare providers can take preventive measures or be prepared to manage potential complications to reduce the incidence of birth brachial plexus injuries and improve overall maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 6 symptoms of inattention or 6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity for at least 6 months in two or more environments. This criteria is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) guidelines for diagnosing ADHD in children up to the age of 16 years. Choosing option A) is incorrect because it does not meet the minimum criteria specified in the DSM-5 for the duration of symptoms. Option B) also falls short of the required duration of symptoms. Option D) has the correct number of symptoms but fails to meet the duration criteria. Understanding the diagnostic criteria for ADHD is crucial for healthcare professionals working with children. By knowing the specific symptoms and duration required for diagnosis, healthcare providers can accurately assess and support children with ADHD. This knowledge helps in early identification, intervention, and management of ADHD, leading to better outcomes for affected children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The most valuable test for the 6-year-old child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) experiencing frequent mucositis and myelosuppression, necessitating frequent treatment discontinuation, is pharmacogenetic testing of the thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) gene (Option B). Pharmacogenetic testing of TPMT gene is crucial in this scenario because thiopurine drugs like mercaptopurine are commonly used in ALL treatment. TPMT enzyme activity affects how the body processes these drugs; individuals with low TPMT activity are at higher risk of severe myelosuppression. By identifying TPMT gene variations, clinicians can personalize drug dosages to minimize adverse effects and optimize treatment efficacy. The other options are less relevant in this context: A) Complete blood count (CBC) is a standard test but may not provide specific information on drug metabolism or toxicity related to thiopurine drugs. C) Renal function test is important for monitoring kidney function but is not directly related to optimizing thiopurine drug therapy. D) Bone marrow study is invasive and not indicated solely for assessing drug metabolism issues. Educationally, understanding the role of pharmacogenetics in pediatric oncology highlights the importance of personalized medicine in improving treatment outcomes and reducing adverse effects in children with cancer. By incorporating genetic testing into clinical practice, healthcare providers can tailor treatments to individual genetic profiles, leading to more effective and safer therapies for pediatric patients.