Upon history-taking, the nurse notes that the cough of a patient with lung cancer usually STARTS off to be ___________.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The cough of a patient with lung cancer typically starts off as dry and persistent. This is because lung cancer can irritate the airways, leading to a persistent dry cough as an early symptom. As the cancer progresses, the cough may become more productive with blood-tinged or dark yellow sputum. However, in the early stages, the cough is often dry and persistent, which can be a warning sign for healthcare providers to further investigate potential underlying issues such as lung cancer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Attending a lecture-demonstration on doing first aid is essential for the growth of a student nurse as it equips them with crucial knowledge and skills to respond effectively in emergency situations. First aid training teaches basic life-saving techniques and how to provide immediate care until medical professionals arrive. This knowledge is vital in the healthcare field, allowing the student nurse to provide immediate assistance and potentially save lives. By learning first aid procedures, the student nurse can enhance their skills, confidence, and overall capability to care for patients in various settings. This continuous learning and improvement are key to personal growth and professional development in the healthcare industry.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The patient is likely infected with Cryptosporidium parvum based on the symptoms of watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea after consuming contaminated water. Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can be transmitted through contaminated water sources, such as streams. Laboratory tests revealing oocysts in the stool sample further support the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium infection, as these oocysts are characteristic of this parasite. Giardia lamblia is another common protozoan parasite that can cause similar symptoms but is usually associated with more foul-smelling, greasy diarrhea. Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery, which presents with bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Cyclospora cayetanensis also causes watery diarrhea, but it is usually associated with foodborne outbreaks rather than waterborne transmission.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The Epidemiologic Triad model focuses on identifying the causative factors of diseases, particularly infectious diseases. The three components of the triad are the external agent, the susceptible host, and the environment. These factors interact to result in the occurrence of disease. Treatment Regimen, on the other hand, is not one of the causative factors but rather a response to manage and treat the disease once it has occurred. While treatment is essential, it is not part of the factors that contribute to the initial development of the disease within the Epidemiologic Triad model.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The most appropriate intervention for managing hepatic encephalopathy in this patient receiving palliative care for end-stage liver disease is to administer lactulose or other ammonia-lowering agents to reduce ammonia levels. Hepatic encephalopathy is believed to be primarily caused by the accumulation of ammonia in the bloodstream due to compromised liver function. Lactulose works by acidifying the gut lumen, which facilitates the excretion of ammonia in the form of ammonium ions. By reducing ammonia levels, hepatic encephalopathy symptoms, such as confusion and altered mental status, can be improved. Initiating other supportive measures like managing precipitating factors, maintaining hydration, and addressing nutritional issues should also be part of the holistic approach in managing hepatic encephalopathy in palliative care. However, addressing the underlying cause by reducing ammonia levels with lactulose is the priority intervention in this scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Radiologic procedures are typically not used as the least screening assessment by nurses in a perinatal unit. The nurse's initial screening assessments usually focus on gathering information through techniques such as physical examination, interviews, and reviewing laboratory results. Radiologic procedures, such as X-rays or CT scans, are usually ordered by physicians once a more specific diagnostic need has been identified, based on the initial screening assessments performed by the nurse. Therefore, in this scenario, the least screening assessment to be used by the nurse would be radiologic procedures.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: It is important for the nurse to have a direct and easily accessible means of communication with the patient who is expected to be in and out of the hospital due to their chronic illness like leukemia. By asking for the patient's phone number, the nurse can quickly reach out to them for updates, clarification, or any urgent matters that may arise. This direct communication line helps in ensuring continuity of care and addressing the patient's needs promptly. This approach is more practical and efficient compared to options such as asking the patient to call the hospital number listed in the yellow pages or relying on chart information which may not always be up to date. Writing down the number and giving it to the ward clerk may cause unnecessary delays in communication.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct action to prioritize during the initial assessment when preparing to assist with a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) procedure for a patient in cardiac arrest is to assess the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs). This involves quickly checking the patient's airway for any obstructions, assessing their breathing for signs of breathing difficulties or absence of breathing, and evaluating their circulation by checking for a pulse. This step is crucial in determining the need for immediate intervention, such as clearing the airway, providing rescue breaths, or initiating chest compressions. By prioritizing the assessment of the ABCs, the nurse can promptly identify and address life-threatening issues to improve the patient's chances of survival during a cardiac arrest situation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct information for the nurse to include in patient education about aspirin therapy is to advise the patient to avoid using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) while taking aspirin. NSAIDs can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when taken along with aspirin, which is already a blood-thinning medication due to its antiplatelet effects. Patients with coronary artery disease are typically prescribed aspirin for its antiplatelet properties to prevent blood clot formation in the arteries. Avoiding NSAIDs will help reduce the risk of gastrointestinal complications and ensure the effectiveness of aspirin therapy in preventing cardiovascular events. Taking aspirin with a full glass of milk (Option A) is not a necessary instruction for aspirin therapy. Discontinuing aspirin therapy if a patient develops a fever (Option C) is not a standard practice unless advised by a healthcare provider. Taking aspir