Two hours after an epidural infusion has begun the patient complains of itching of her face and neck. The nurse should:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Itching of the face and neck following an epidural infusion is a common side effect known as pruritus. The nurse should recognize this symptom and follow the protocol for addressing itching associated with epidural infusions. In this case, administering Benadryl is a common intervention to help relieve the itching. Benadryl is an antihistamine that can help alleviate itching and discomfort without the need to remove the epidural catheter. It is important for the nurse to assess the patient's symptoms, follow proper protocols, and provide appropriate interventions to manage side effects like pruritus.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A cystocele/rectocele occurs when the supportive tissue between a woman's bladder and vaginal wall weakens, allowing the bladder to bulge into the vagina. This can lead to urinary problems such as difficulty emptying the bladder completely, frequent urination, and urinary incontinence. The fact that the mother is in late middle age and certain she is not pregnant, combined with her urinary problems, suggests that she may be experiencing symptoms of a cystocele/rectocele. It is important for the nurse to further assess the client's symptoms and provide appropriate education and treatment options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) conditions in the environments where people live, work, and play that impact health outcomes and risks. This statement best describes social determinants of health (SDOH) because it refers to the social and economic factors that influence individuals' health. SDOH include factors like access to healthcare, socioeconomic status, education, employment, social support networks, and the physical environment. These factors significantly impact health outcomes and risks. Option A, genetic factors, refers to inherited traits that can influence health but do not encompass the broader social influences captured by SDOH. Option B, medical interventions, focuses on healthcare treatments rather than the external social and environmental factors that SDOH encapsulate. Option D, personal self-care practices, while important for individual well-being, do not address the broader societal and environmental influences on health outcomes. Understanding social determinants of health is crucial in healthcare education as it highlights the importance of addressing systemic inequalities and advocating for policies that promote health equity. By recognizing the impact of social factors on health, healthcare professionals can provide more holistic and effective care to individuals and communities.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and maternal newborn health, it is crucial to understand the specific health effects of substance misuse in individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB). Option C, elevated risk of liver damage and cardiovascular complications, is the correct answer. Substance misuse during pregnancy can lead to serious complications such as liver damage due to the increased workload on the liver to metabolize toxins, and cardiovascular issues like hypertension and increased risk of heart disease. Option A, increased risk of lung cancer, is incorrect in this context as it is not a direct effect of substance misuse in persons AFAB. Option B, higher likelihood of developing diabetes, is also incorrect as substance misuse is not a direct cause of diabetes development. Option D, reduced risk of mental health disorders, is incorrect as substance misuse is actually associated with an increased risk of mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. Educationally, understanding the health effects of substance misuse in pregnancy is essential for healthcare providers working with maternal newborn populations. It highlights the importance of providing comprehensive care and support to individuals AFAB to prevent and address substance misuse issues that can have detrimental effects on both maternal and fetal health.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) carrier screening for both parents. Carrier screening is crucial for couples with a family history of genetic disorders such as sickle cell disease. This test helps identify individuals who carry a single copy of a gene mutation, putting their offspring at risk of inheriting the disorder if both parents are carriers. Option B) ultrasound at 6 weeks' gestation is not the appropriate test in this case because it is used for assessing fetal development and not for genetic screening. Option C) glucose screening for both parents is unrelated to sickle cell disease and is typically done during pregnancy to assess for gestational diabetes. Option D) thyroid testing is also not relevant to the family history of sickle cell disease. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of genetic screening in families with a history of genetic disorders. It emphasizes the role of healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, in educating and guiding individuals to make informed decisions about genetic testing to assess the risk of passing on genetic conditions to their children. By understanding the significance of carrier screening, couples can make informed reproductive choices and seek appropriate medical interventions if necessary.