Two common treatments for psychiatric disorders are (1) various drugs and (2) various behavioral treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy. According to research studies, which is NOT true about these two kinds of treatment?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) for depression, drugs and behavioral treatment were similarly effective for the short run (16 weeks), but drugs were more effective in the long run (24 weeks). This is because research has shown that while drugs and behavioral treatments may be equally effective in the short term for depression, over a longer period, drugs tend to show more sustained effectiveness compared to behavioral treatments. Option A is incorrect because for OCD, a combination of behavioral treatments like cognitive behavioral therapy and drugs (typically SSRIs) is often more effective than either treatment alone. Option C is incorrect as behavioral treatments like behavior therapy, psychoeducation, and counseling have been shown to be effective in managing ADHD symptoms, either alone or in combination with medication. Option D is incorrect because not only patients with severe depression but individuals across the spectrum of depressive disorders may show a positive response to antidepressant medication compared to a placebo. In an educational context, understanding the nuances of treatment effectiveness for psychiatric disorders is crucial for healthcare professionals to make well-informed decisions regarding patient care. It highlights the importance of individualized treatment plans and the consideration of various factors such as severity of symptoms, treatment duration, and patient preferences.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer to this question is option C: penicillin ended her disinhibition. In Oliver Sacks' chapter, the woman with 'Cupid's disease' exhibited symptoms of neurosyphilis, a psychobiological disorder caused by syphilis infecting the central nervous system. When she was treated with penicillin, her disinhibited behavior, characterized by excessive flirtatiousness, was resolved. This outcome aligns with the known effects of penicillin in treating neurosyphilis by eliminating the spirochetes responsible for the infection. Option A is incorrect because the woman's history of syphilis from her days of prostitution is true based on the narrative presented by Oliver Sacks. Option B is incorrect as the woman's flirtatious behavior manifested at the age of 88, which is a unique symptom of her psychobiological disorder. Option D is also incorrect as penicillin's effectiveness in killing the spirochetes in her spinal fluid is a crucial part of her treatment process. Educationally, understanding the case of the woman with 'Cupid's disease' provides insight into the complex interplay between infectious diseases like syphilis and their effects on the central nervous system, leading to psychobiological manifestations. It underscores the importance of prompt and appropriate medical interventions, such as penicillin, in treating such disorders and reversing associated behavioral symptoms. This case serves as a compelling example of the intersection between biological factors and psychological manifestations in psychobiological disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) People with a readily activated BAS are less likely to be extroverts, because the cortex of extroverts is harder to excite. This is based on Gray's Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Eysenck's Extroversion dimension. Gray's BAS is associated with approach behavior and responsiveness to rewards. Extroversion in Eysenck's theory is characterized by sociability, assertiveness, and high levels of positive emotionality. Individuals with a highly activated BAS may seek out rewards and positive stimuli, which could lead to higher levels of impulsivity and risk-taking behavior, characteristics not typically associated with introversion. Option A is incorrect because extroverts are typically more easily excitable, not harder to excite. Option C is incorrect because it suggests extroverts' cortex is more easily excited, which is not consistent with extroversion characteristics. Option D is incorrect as it contradicts the relationship between BAS activation and extroversion as explained by Gray and Eysenck's theories. Understanding these concepts is crucial in comprehending the underlying mechanisms of personality traits and behaviors, providing valuable insights for both psychological research and clinical practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Habituation paradigm. In infant cognition research, the habituation paradigm is commonly used to study how infants process and learn about the world around them. This method involves presenting a stimulus repeatedly until the baby becomes familiar with it or bored, which is indicated by a decrease in attention or response. This allows researchers to measure how infants discriminate between familiar and novel stimuli, providing insights into their cognitive abilities. Option B) Operant conditioning paradigm is focused on how behavior is influenced by consequences, like rewards or punishments, and is not specifically used to study infant cognition through stimulus presentation and habituation. Option C) Impulsivity paradigm is not a common method used in infant cognition research. Impulsivity typically refers to a tendency to act without thinking, which is not directly related to studying infant cognition through habituation. Option D) Visual cliff paradigm is used to assess depth perception in infants by creating an illusion of a drop-off, rather than studying cognitive processes through habituation of stimuli. Understanding the different paradigms used in studying infant cognition is essential for educators and researchers to design appropriate experiments and draw accurate conclusions about infant development. The habituation paradigm, in particular, helps us understand how infants process and learn from their environment, laying a foundation for further research in developmental psychology and neuroscience.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mark is experiencing an approach-approach conflict, Jason is facing an approach-avoidance conflict, and Terry is encountering an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Mark's scenario involves having to choose between two desirable options (MIT and Harvard), leading to an approach-approach conflict. Jason is in a situation where he has to decide between two undesirable outcomes (lying or getting fired), resulting in an approach-avoidance conflict. Terry's dilemma revolves around having to select between two negative options (work nights and weekends for a promotion), which signifies an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Educationally, understanding these types of internal conflicts is crucial in comprehending how individuals experience stress and make decisions. Approach-approach conflicts involve choosing between two positive outcomes, approach-avoidance conflicts involve weighing the pros and cons of a decision, and avoidance-avoidance conflicts entail selecting between two negative options. By recognizing these patterns, individuals can better manage their stress and decision-making processes. The other options are incorrect because they do not align with the specific characteristics of each person's scenario as described above. Option A incorrectly pairs Mark with approach-avoidance conflict, Jason with approach-approach conflict, and Terry with avoidance-avoidance conflict. Option B also mismatches the individuals with the types of conflicts they are facing. Option C inaccurately assigns the conflicts to the individuals. Understanding the nuances of each type of internal conflict is essential for students to grasp the complexities of decision-making and stress management in psychobiological disorders.