True statements about the use of the new Child Health Foundation growth charts include:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) They can be used for all children including those with Down's syndrome. The new Child Health Foundation growth charts are designed to be inclusive and applicable to all children, regardless of any specific conditions or syndromes they may have. This ensures that healthcare providers have a standardized tool to monitor growth and development in all pediatric populations. Option A is incorrect because immediate referral based solely on a child's height falling on the second centile is not a standard practice. Height alone is not always indicative of a serious issue requiring immediate referral. Option B is incorrect because the midparental height calculation is inaccurate. The midparental height is usually calculated by adding the heights of both parents and then adding 13 cm for boys or subtracting 13 cm for girls, divided by 2. Option D is incorrect because the target centile range for a girl is typically midparental height ± 8 cm, not ± 10 cm as stated in the option. Educationally, understanding growth charts and their application in pediatric care is crucial for healthcare providers working with children. It helps in monitoring growth patterns, identifying potential issues early, and providing appropriate interventions to support optimal growth and development in children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding respiratory conditions like croup is crucial. The correct answer is B) Is commonly caused by parainfluenza viruses. Croup is typically caused by viral infections, with parainfluenza viruses being the most common culprits. This knowledge is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning. Option A) Is a disease - While technically correct, this option is too broad and lacks specificity. It does not provide the necessary information related to the etiology of croup, which is key in pediatric nursing practice. Option C) Most cases are managed with nebulised adrenaline - This statement is incorrect. While nebulized adrenaline may be used in severe cases of croup to alleviate airway obstruction, it is not the primary management strategy for most cases. Supportive care, such as humidified air and corticosteroids, is typically the first-line treatment. Option D) Inhaled steroids are reported to be of benefit - While inhaled steroids may be utilized in some cases of croup to reduce airway inflammation, it is not a universally recommended treatment. The primary focus in managing croup is on addressing airway swelling and obstruction, which may not always require the use of inhaled steroids. Educational Context: Understanding the etiology, clinical presentation, and management of respiratory conditions like croup is essential for pediatric cardiovascular nurses. By knowing that croup is commonly caused by parainfluenza viruses, nurses can better assess and provide appropriate care for pediatric patients presenting with symptoms of this condition. It highlights the importance of evidence-based practice and the need for targeted interventions based on the specific etiology of the disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular nursing, routine hearing tests in the community are usually based on distraction testing, which is the correct answer (A). Distraction testing involves using sound and visual stimuli to observe the infant's response to auditory stimuli. This method is particularly effective in young children as it capitalizes on their natural reflexes and responses to sounds and movements. Auditory brainstem responses (B) and evoked potentials (C) are diagnostic tests used in audiology to assess the auditory nerve and brain's response to sound stimuli. These tests are more specialized and not typically used in routine community-based screenings for hearing in infants and young children. Object discrimination (D) refers to a cognitive ability rather than a method for hearing testing. It involves the child's ability to differentiate between different objects based on sensory input, which is not directly related to hearing assessment. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind choosing distraction testing for routine hearing assessments in young children is crucial for pediatric nurses. It allows nurses to appreciate the developmental stage of the child and the most appropriate method to assess their hearing abilities effectively. By knowing the limitations of other testing methods, nurses can make informed decisions when caring for pediatric patients with potential hearing concerns.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of a routine investigation of a 4-year-old with an uncomplicated UTI, the correct option A) Renal ultrasound scan is the most appropriate choice. This is because a renal ultrasound scan is non-invasive, does not involve radiation exposure, and can provide valuable information about the kidneys and urinary tract, helping to identify any structural abnormalities or obstructions that may be contributing to the UTI. Option B) Micturating cystogram involves radiation exposure and is typically reserved for cases where there is a suspicion of vesicoureteral reflux or bladder dysfunction, not for routine evaluation of uncomplicated UTIs in young children. Option C) DMSA scan is useful for assessing renal scarring post-UTI but is not typically indicated in the initial evaluation of a child with a UTI unless there are recurrent or complicated UTIs. Option D) DTP scan does not pertain to the evaluation of UTIs but rather refers to a vaccine containing diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis antigens. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind selecting the appropriate diagnostic tests in pediatric patients with UTIs is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers working in pediatric cardiovascular nursing. It ensures that the right tests are ordered based on clinical indications, minimizing unnecessary procedures, radiation exposure, and healthcare costs while providing optimal care for the young patient.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Infantile spasms. Infantile spasms, also known as West syndrome, can present with a unique EEG pattern called hypsarrhythmia, characterized by chaotic, high-voltage, and disorganized brain waves. This pattern is a hallmark of infantile spasms and aids in their diagnosis. Option A) Petit mal epilepsy typically presents with a 3 Hz spike-and-wave pattern on EEG, not seen in infantile spasms. Option C) Acute measles encephalopathy may show diffuse slowing of brain waves on EEG, but not the specific pattern seen in infantile spasms. Option D) Herpes encephalitis may present with focal abnormalities on EEG due to the localized nature of herpes viral infection in the brain, not the diffuse pattern associated with infantile spasms. Understanding the EEG findings associated with different pediatric neurological conditions is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with these disorders. Recognizing specific EEG patterns can aid in accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of patients with neurological conditions. This knowledge helps nurses provide optimal care, educate families, and collaborate effectively with the healthcare team in managing pediatric patients with complex neurological issues.