True about corticospinal tract:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: control voluntary movement . The corticospinal tract originatfrom the motor cortex (not cerebellum, making B wrong), decussatin the medullary pyramids (not pons, making A incorrect), and terminatin the ventral horn (not posterior, making C false). It controls voluntary movements, like fine motor skills, via upper motor neurons to spinal motor neurons. This role is critical, as seen in paralysis post-lesion. Thus, D is the true statement.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Controls only the musclof the face , which is false. The corticonuclear tract originatfrom the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe (A is true), descends through the internal capsule, and terminatin brainstem cranial nerve nuclei (B is true), such as 5 (jaw), 7 (face), 10 (pharynx), and 12 (tongue). It donot control only facial muscl(C is incorrect); it also governs voluntary movements of the head (e.g., tongue deviation) and neck (e.g., shrugging shoulders via cranial nerve 11), making its scope broader. Choice D is true; it decussatpartially, with variations e.g., lower facial fibers cross, but upper face innervation is bilateral. This is evident in stroke patients with contralateral tongue weakness or dysphagia, not just facial deficits. Thus, C is the exception due to its inaccurate limitation, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: It receivinput from stretch receptors in the stomach wall . The vomiting reflex is involuntary (A is false), triggered by medullary signals, not cortical control, unlike swallowings voluntary start. The vomiting center is in the medulla oblongata (not hypothalamus, making B wrong), near the area postrema. Choice C is false; cranial nerve 8 (vestibulocochlear) is involved, relaying vestibular input (e.g., motion sickness). Choice D is true; stretch receptors in the stomach wall signal via the vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10) to the vomiting center, as in overdistension-induced vomiting. This medullary integration is evident in emetic responsto gastric irritation, supporting Ds accuracy. Thus, D is the true statement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Emotional factors . Emotions like stress or boredom can trigger hunger via cortisol or dopamine pathways, overriding physiological satiety, as seen in emotional eating research. Choice A is false; high glucose signals satiety, reducing hunger via insulin and leptin. Choice B is incorrect; a full stomach activatstretch receptors, suppressing appetite through vagal feedback. Choice C is wrong; high temperaturtypically reduce food intake for thermoregulation, unlike cold. Choice D is false; heating the brain (e.g., lateral hypothalamus) may suppress hunger, not stimulate it, per animal studies. Emotional factors uniquely act as psychological hunger cues, distinct from physical signals, evident in stress-induced snacking, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Empty stomach activatventromedial hypothalamus . An empty stomach activatthe lateral hypothalamus (hunger center), not the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), which signals satiety when full. Choice A is true; cold weather stimulatthe lateral hypothalamus for thermogenic eating. Choice C is correct; low blood sugar drivappetite via hypothalamic glucoreceptors. Choice D is accurate; insulin drops glucose, increasing hunger. is true; exercise burns calories, supporting weight loss. Bs error revershypothalamic rolVMH activation occurs with fullness, not emptiness, as seen in lesion studiwhere VMH damage causovereating. Thus, B is the wrong statement, making it the correct answer.