To which cellular location would you expect NFkB to move in macrophages that have been stimulated with LPS?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: To the nucleus. When macrophages are stimulated with LPS, NFkB is activated and translocates to the nucleus. In the nucleus, NFkB regulates the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because NFkB does not primarily move to the cytoplasm, phagosomes, or cell membrane in response to LPS stimulation in macrophages.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Naïve lymphocytes have antigen receptors but have not been activated by antigen. 2. Activation is necessary for their differentiation into effector cells. 3. Naïve lymphocytes are considered mature as they have completed development. 4. They circulate in secondary lymphoid tissues, not just primary lymphoid tissues. Summary: Choice C is correct because naïve lymphocytes have antigen receptors but have not been activated by antigen. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because naïve lymphocytes do express antigen receptors, are considered mature, and can be found in both primary and secondary lymphoid tissues.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Autoimmune diseases have complex causes, involving genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Infections can trigger autoimmune responses, sunlight exposure can influence immune function, and an imbalance in microbiota composition can lead to dysregulated immune responses. Therefore, all three factors can contribute to an increased risk of autoimmune diseases. Choices A, B, and C individually are all associated with autoimmune diseases, making option D the correct choice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because having the HLA-DR4 allele increases the likelihood of developing disease X but does not guarantee it. Choice A is incorrect because not all individuals with HLA-DR4 will get disease X. Choice B is incorrect because not all individuals with disease X have the HLA-DR4 allele. Choice D is incorrect because it falsely states that all statements are true, which is not the case.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Production of IgE antibodies. A TH2 response is characterized by the production of IgE antibodies, which are essential in allergic reactions. IgM antibodies (A) are produced during the primary immune response. Activation of CTL (B) is associated with a TH1 response. Neutrophils (C) are primarily involved in the innate immune response and are not specific to TH2 responses. In summary, the production of IgE antibodies is a defining characteristic of a TH2 response, distinguishing it from other immune responses.