To minimize chances of renal calculi recurring, it is important for Mr. Reed to

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: increase fluid intake. Adequate hydration helps prevent the formation of kidney stones by diluting the substances in the urine that can lead to stone formation. Increasing fluid intake can also help flush out minerals and toxins from the kidneys. A: Taking prophylactic antibiotics daily is not recommended for preventing renal calculi as it can lead to antibiotic resistance and potential side effects. C: Taking megadoses of vitamin C daily can actually increase the risk of kidney stone formation as excess vitamin C can be converted into oxalate, a substance known to contribute to stone formation. D: While adequate rest and stress reduction are important for overall health, they do not directly prevent the recurrence of renal calculi.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys. It increases the reabsorption of sodium and water while promoting the excretion of potassium. This helps maintain electrolyte balance and blood pressure. A: Insulin mainly regulates blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells. C: BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide) is involved in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure but not specifically sodium reabsorption. D: ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) also plays a role in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure, but it promotes sodium excretion instead of reabsorption.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: basal layer. The basal layer is the endometrial layer that remains essentially unchanged during the menstrual cycle. This layer serves as the foundation for the regrowth of the functional layer after menstruation. The myometrium (A) is the smooth muscle layer of the uterus, not the endometrial layer. The functional layer (B) is shed during menstruation and regenerates each cycle. The corpus albicans (C) is a remnant of the corpus luteum in the ovary, not related to the endometrium. Therefore, the basal layer is the correct answer as it is the only layer that remains unchanged during the menstrual cycle.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because hematuria (blood in the urine) is a concerning finding that may indicate a urinary tract infection, kidney stones, or other underlying issues. By avoiding further interventions, the nurse can prevent potential harm or complications to the patient. Performing a straight catheterization (Choice A) may not be necessary without further assessment. Restricting protein intake (Choice C) is not indicated based solely on the presence of hematuria.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dietary history. Understanding the patient's dietary habits can help identify potential triggers for incontinence, such as caffeine or alcohol intake. It also provides insight into fluid intake, which can impact incontinence. Incorrect choices: B: What principle - This is vague and does not provide relevant information for managing incontinence. C: Family history of renal stones - While family history can be important for certain conditions, it is not directly related to managing incontinence. D: Medication history - While medications can sometimes contribute to incontinence, dietary factors are typically more significant in this context.