To be more responsible, a nurse needs to understand the elements of the communication process. When she initiates interpersonal communication, the element involved is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The element involved when a nurse initiates interpersonal communication is the sender. In the communication process, the sender is the person who initiates the message or information to be conveyed to the receiver. In this case, the nurse is taking on the role of the sender by initiating the communication with the patient, another healthcare professional, or any other individual. The sender is responsible for encoding the message and selecting the appropriate channel to convey it effectively. Therefore, in this scenario, the nurse is the one initiating communication, making her the sender in the communication process.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Breast tenderness is a hallmark symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which occurs in the days leading up to menstruation. This symptom is often associated with hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Women may experience increased sensitivity and soreness in their breasts, making them feel tender or swollen. It is a common symptom of PMS and can vary in severity from one individual to another. Pelvic pain, postmenopausal bleeding, and dyspareunia are not typically considered hallmark symptoms of PMS.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The Philippine Nurses Association, Inc. (PNA) is the accredited professional organization of nurses in the Philippines. PNA is recognized as the official organization of all registered nurses in the country, dedicated to fostering high standards of nursing practice, education, and professional growth. It plays a key role in advocating for the rights and welfare of nurses, as well as promoting the advancement of the nursing profession in the Philippines. Membership in the PNA provides nurses with access to valuable resources, networking opportunities, and support for continuous professional development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Delegation by succession involves passing on responsibility and authority to a designated successor when the delegator is temporarily unavailable. In this scenario, the unit manager is planning to take her regular official business leave and has recommended her assistant unit manager to assume her position during her absence. This act follows the principle of succession, where the deputy or next in line is entrusted with the duties and decision-making power of the manager. This ensures a smooth transition of responsibilities and allows the operations to continue efficiently in the manager's absence.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vitamin K is essential for the production of several clotting factors in the liver, including factors II, VII, IX, and X. In a patient with chronic liver disease, impaired liver function can lead to decreased synthesis of these clotting factors. As a result, there is an underlying deficiency of these clotting factors, leading to prolonged PT (prothrombin time) and aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time). The mixing studies showing correction with normal plasma further support the diagnosis of a factor deficiency rather than an inhibitor, which helps in ruling out conditions like DIC or hemophilia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The first step Nurse Gabriela should do when handling vaccines is to check the vial for the expiration date. It is crucial to ensure that the vaccine has not expired before proceeding with any further steps. Administering an expired vaccine can be ineffective or even harmful to the patient. Therefore, checking the expiration date is the foundational step in the safe and proper administration of vaccines.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Confirmability is the criteria of trustworthiness that refers to the degree to which the findings of a study are based on the data itself and not on the biases, motivations, or interests of the researchers. In this scenario, returning to the participants to confirm the accuracy of the emerged themes is a way to ensure the confirmability of the study findings. By involving the participants in the validation process, the researchers are seeking to verify that the themes identified truly reflect the experiences of the pregnant women in labor as reported by the participants. This practice enhances the credibility and trustworthiness of the study's findings by confirming their alignment with the participants' perspectives and experiences.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vestibular neuritis is a condition characterized by the acute onset of severe vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus. These symptoms are typically worsened by head movement. Vestibular neuritis is caused by inflammation of the vestibular nerve, which plays a key role in balance and spatial orientation. The classic presentation of these symptoms, along with the absence of hearing loss (which is seen in labyrinthitis), points towards vestibular neuritis as the most likely cause in this scenario. Meniere's disease presents with recurrent episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and sensation of fullness in the ear. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is characterized by brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: While it is important for nurse leaders to seek input and feedback from staff members, the inappropriate aspect of this action lies in the lack of clarity. The option contains a typographical error "natter" instead of "matter," which may lead to confusion and hinder effective communication. Additionally, the word choice of "opinion" instead of a more structured and strategic approach like "feedback" or "input" could be improved for professional communication in the workplace. Therefore, this action may not be considered appropriate in a work setting due to potential misunderstandings that can arise from the lack of clarity in communication.