Tick the luminal amebicide drug:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Diloxanide. Diloxanide is a luminal amebicide drug that acts specifically in the lumen of the intestine to target and eliminate amoebas residing there. Now, let's discuss why the other options are incorrect: A) Metronidazole is not a luminal amebicide but rather an amoebicide that acts systemically. B) Emetine is also not a luminal amebicide but rather a tissue amoebicide. C) Doxycycline is an antibiotic that is not used for treating amoebic infections but rather for bacterial infections. Educational Context: Understanding the specific mechanisms of action and indications of different drugs is crucial in pharmacology to ensure effective and safe patient care. In nursing practice, knowing the correct classification and usage of medications is essential to administer appropriate treatments and prevent medication errors. By learning about luminal amebicides like Diloxanide, nurses can provide targeted care for patients with amoebic infections, promoting better health outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Nevirapine, which belongs to the class of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Nevirapine is the correct choice because it inhibits the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HIV, thus preventing viral replication. NNRTIs like Nevirapine work by binding to a specific site on the enzyme, blocking its activity. Option A) Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), not an NNRTI. NRTIs work by incorporating themselves into the viral DNA, causing chain termination during replication. Option B) Vidarabine is a nucleoside analog antiviral medication, not an NNRTI. It is used to treat herpes simplex and varicella-zoster infections. Option D) Gancyclovir is a nucleoside analog antiviral drug used to treat cytomegalovirus infections in immunocompromised patients, not an NNRTI. Understanding the classification of antiretroviral drugs is crucial for nursing pharmacology, especially in managing patients with HIV. Knowing the mechanism of action of each drug class helps nurses provide effective care and prevent medication errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Depression of angiogenesis. Explanation of why C is correct: Anticancer drugs often target angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to tumors, as a way to inhibit tumor growth and spread. Therefore, depression of angiogenesis is actually a desired effect of anticancer drugs as it helps in controlling and reducing tumor size and progression. Explanation of why others are wrong: A) Low selectivity to cancer cells: This is a common disadvantage of anticancer drugs as they can also affect normal, healthy cells. B) Depression of bone marrow: Anticancer drugs can indeed suppress bone marrow function, leading to decreased production of blood cells, which can cause issues like anemia, but this is a known disadvantage. D) Depression of immune system: Anticancer drugs can weaken the immune system, making patients more susceptible to infections, so this is also a recognized disadvantage. Educational context: Understanding the effects of anticancer drugs is crucial for nurses in providing safe and effective care to cancer patients. Knowing the intended effects (like depression of angiogenesis) versus the common side effects (like bone marrow depression and immune system suppression) helps nurses anticipate and manage potential complications of these medications during treatment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of nursing pharmacology, understanding the general contraindications for anticancer drugs is crucial for safe and effective patient care. The correct answer, option D - "All of the above," is the most comprehensive and accurate choice. A) Depression of bone marrow: This is a common side effect of many anticancer drugs, leading to decreased production of blood cells and increased risk of infections and bleeding. Patients with pre-existing bone marrow disorders or those undergoing other treatments affecting bone marrow function would be at higher risk. B) Acute infections: Anticancer drugs can suppress the immune system, making patients more susceptible to infections. Administering these drugs during an active infection can worsen the condition and compromise the patient's ability to fight off the infection. C) Severe hepatic and/or renal insufficiency: Many anticancer drugs are metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Patients with severe hepatic or renal insufficiency may not be able to properly metabolize and eliminate these drugs, leading to toxic levels in the body and increased risk of adverse effects. Educational Context: Understanding contraindications for anticancer drugs is essential for nurses to assess patients, monitor for potential complications, and collaborate with the healthcare team to ensure safe medication administration. By recognizing these contraindications, nurses can prevent harm and promote positive patient outcomes in oncology care. By selecting option D as the correct answer, nurses demonstrate their knowledge of the broad contraindications associated with anticancer drugs, emphasizing the importance of individualized patient assessment and medication management in oncology practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nodular sclerosis (A) is the most common Hodgkin’s lymphoma subtype, often affecting young women, with a good prognosis due to its responsiveness to therapy and characteristic Reed-Sternberg cells in a sclerotic background. Mixed cellularity (B) affects older males, lymphocyte predominance (C) is rare but favorable, lymphocyte depletion (D) is aggressive, and lymphocyte-rich (E) is less specific—nodular sclerosis fits best.