Tick the group of drugs for treatment of shock with hypovolaemia (reduced circulating blood volume):

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of treating shock with hypovolemia (reduced circulating blood volume), the correct group of drugs is plasmoexpanders (Option C). Plasmoexpanders are used to increase the volume of the intravascular compartment by drawing fluid from the interstitial space into the bloodstream, thereby helping to restore circulating blood volume. This is crucial in addressing the underlying issue of hypovolemia in shock. Positive inotropic drugs (Option A) are used to strengthen the force of the heart's contractions and are more suitable for conditions like heart failure, not specifically for hypovolemic shock. Vasoconstrictors (Option B) work by narrowing blood vessels, which can further reduce blood flow in a condition like hypovolemic shock where blood volume is already low. Analeptics and tonics (Option D) are not typically used in the treatment of hypovolemic shock. Analeptics are central nervous system stimulants and tonics are generally used for conditions like fatigue or weakness, which are not directly related to the management of shock with hypovolemia. Educationally, understanding the appropriate pharmacological treatments for different conditions is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide effective care. Applying the correct medication based on the pathophysiology of the condition ensures optimal outcomes for patients. It is important to differentiate between various drug classes and their specific indications to make informed decisions in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Growth hormone (somatotropin, GH), which is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Growth hormone plays a crucial role in regulating growth, metabolism, and body composition in individuals across the lifespan. It stimulates growth in children, maintains muscle and bone mass in adults, and regulates metabolism. Option A) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is produced by the hypothalamus, not the anterior pituitary. TRH regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary. Option B) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is also produced by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary, which in turn regulates cortisol production in the adrenal glands. Option D) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is produced by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary. Understanding the hormones produced by different glands in the endocrine system is essential for healthcare professionals, especially when considering pharmacological treatments that may impact hormone levels and their physiological effects on clients across the lifespan.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option C: A direct action on smooth muscles of the blood vessels. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone, exerts its pressor effect by directly acting on the smooth muscles of blood vessels. This causes vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Option A, releasing noradrenaline from nerve terminals, is incorrect because vasopressin does not act by releasing noradrenaline. Option B, releasing and activating the renin-angiotensin system, is also incorrect as vasopressin's mechanism of action is independent of the renin-angiotensin system. Understanding the pharmacological effects of vasopressin is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in critical care settings where vasopressin may be used to manage hypotension or shock. Knowing that vasopressin acts directly on smooth muscles helps in comprehending its role in regulating blood pressure and its potential therapeutic uses. It is essential for healthcare providers to have a solid grasp of how different pharmacological treatments work to provide safe and effective care to clients across the lifespan.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Iodide preparations are commonly used in medical practice for various conditions, however, there are specific situations where their use may not be appropriate. In the case of iodism, it refers to toxicity or adverse effects resulting from excess iodide intake. This makes option D, "In iodism," the correct answer as iodide preparations would not be intentionally used in this scenario. Option A, "In thyroid disorders," is a common indication for iodide preparations as they are essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Option B, "In granulomatous lesions e.g. Syphilis," is also a valid use of iodide preparations as they have been historically used in the treatment of such conditions due to their anti-inflammatory properties. Option C, "As an antiseptic," is another appropriate use of iodide preparations, particularly in the form of povidone-iodine solutions for skin disinfection before medical procedures. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate uses of pharmacological treatments like iodide preparations is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure safe and effective patient care. Recognizing the specific indications and contraindications for different medications helps in making informed clinical decisions and preventing potential adverse outcomes. Students and practitioners should be well-versed in the pharmacological actions of medications to provide optimal care to clients across the lifespan.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, option D is the correct answer: "It can be administered orally." The rationale for this is that crystalline zinc (regular) insulin cannot be administered orally due to its protein structure. Insulin is a hormone that is broken down by the digestive system when taken orally, rendering it ineffective. Therefore, insulin must be administered through injection routes like subcutaneous or intravenous to ensure proper absorption and efficacy. Option A is incorrect because crystalline zinc insulin can indeed serve as replacement therapy for juvenile-onset diabetes, especially in cases where a short-acting insulin is needed to manage postprandial glucose spikes. Option B is incorrect as well. While insulin can be administered intravenously in emergency medical settings, it is not a common or routine route of administration for regular insulin therapy. Subcutaneous injection is the preferred method for insulin delivery in most cases. Option C is also incorrect. Crystalline zinc insulin is a short-acting insulin that typically begins to work within 30 minutes, peaks in 2-3 hours, and has a duration of action of 3-6 hours. This makes it suitable for managing mealtime glucose levels in individuals with diabetes. Educationally, understanding the different types of insulin and their administration routes is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working with clients across the lifespan who require pharmacological treatment for diabetes. Proper knowledge of insulin types and administration methods ensures safe and effective management of blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes, preventing complications and promoting optimal health outcomes.