Tick the drug used for leishmaniasis treatment:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice C: 1. Sodium stibogluconate is a first-line treatment for leishmaniasis. 2. It is an antimonial compound effective against Leishmania parasites. 3. It is administered intravenously for visceral leishmaniasis. 4. Has been used for decades with proven efficacy. Summary of other choices: A: Pyrimethamine - used for malaria, not leishmaniasis. B: Albendazole - used for helminthic infections, not leishmaniasis. D: Tinidazole - used for protozoal infections like Giardiasis, not leishmaniasis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because loop diuretics act on the ascending loop of Henle to inhibit sodium and water reabsorption, promoting diuresis. This mechanism is independent of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), making them effective even in low GFR situations common in heart failure. Explanation for other choices: A: Loop diuretics do not inhibit angiotensin II synthesis; this is the mechanism of ACE inhibitors. B: Loop diuretics do not increase venous return to the heart; this is the mechanism of drugs like nitrates. C: Loop diuretics do not inhibit renal prostaglandin biosynthesis; this is the mechanism of NSAIDs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Furosemide. In bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, excess production of aldosterone occurs, leading to fluid retention and hypertension. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that helps reduce blood volume and lower blood pressure by promoting the excretion of sodium and water in the urine. This drug is commonly used to manage hypertension associated with adrenal gland disorders. Step-by-step rationale: 1. Identify the condition: bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. 2. Understand the pathophysiology: aldosterone excess leads to fluid retention and hypertension. 3. Choose the appropriate drug class: diuretics to reduce blood volume and lower blood pressure. 4. Select the specific drug: Furosemide, a loop diuretic, is effective in managing hypertension associated with adrenal gland disorders. Summary: A: Hydrochlorothiazide - Thiazide diuretic, not as effective in cases of aldosterone excess. B: Mannitol - Osmotic diure

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of cardiovascular pharmacology, the correct answer, B, stating that side effects of garlic include heartburn, flatulence, and sweating, is accurate. Garlic is known to have several potential side effects, including those mentioned, which are important for Mary to be aware of given her family history of heart disease. Option A is incorrect because enteric-coated tablets release their contents in the intestines, not the stomach, to prevent gastric irritation. Option C is incorrect because the safety of garlic in pregnancy is known to be questionable due to its potential effects on blood thinning and uterine stimulation. Option D is incorrect as garlic can interact with warfarin, an anticoagulant, potentially leading to increased bleeding risk. From an educational perspective, understanding the potential benefits and risks of herbal supplements like garlic is crucial for individuals, especially those with a family history of heart disease, to make informed decisions about their healthcare. It highlights the importance of consulting healthcare professionals before incorporating such supplements into one's regimen, especially when dealing with cardiovascular health.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) L-type voltage sensitive channels. Dihydropyridines are a class of calcium channel blockers that specifically target L-type calcium channels found in the cardiovascular system. These channels are responsible for regulating the influx of calcium ions into cardiac and smooth muscle cells, influencing contractility and vascular tone. By blocking L-type calcium channels, dihydropyridines decrease calcium entry into cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced cardiac workload. Option B) T-type voltage sensitive channels are not blocked by dihydropyridines. T-type channels are more commonly found in neurons and play a role in neuronal excitability. Option C) N-type voltage sensitive channels are primarily located in the nervous system and are not targeted by dihydropyridines. Option D) Receptor operated calcium channels are not affected by dihydropyridines. These channels are activated by ligand binding and are not voltage-gated like L-type calcium channels. Understanding the specific targets of dihydropyridines is crucial in pharmacology as it helps in predicting their therapeutic effects and potential side effects. By knowing that dihydropyridines act on L-type calcium channels in the cardiovascular system, healthcare professionals can better manage patients with conditions such as hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.