Tick the drug that can induce peripheral neuropathy and oral ulceration:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Zalcitabine. Zalcitabine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor commonly associated with peripheral neuropathy and oral ulceration as side effects. These adverse effects are well-documented in clinical studies and are known to be dose-dependent. Zalcitabine can cause damage to peripheral nerves leading to neuropathy and can also irritate the mucous membranes in the mouth causing oral ulceration. Incorrect Choices: A: Acyclovir - Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes infections and does not typically cause peripheral neuropathy or oral ulceration. C: Zidovudine - Zidovudine is also a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV, but it is not associated with peripheral neuropathy or oral ulceration. D: Saquinavir - Saquinavir is a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV and does not commonly induce peripheral neurop

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: By binding to fibrin. Plasminogen is converted into active plasmin by binding to fibrin through the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). This binding triggers the activation of plasminogen into plasmin, which then degrades fibrin clots. The other choices (B: collagen, C: heparin, D: platelets) are incorrect because plasminogen activation specifically involves binding to fibrin to initiate the fibrinolytic cascade. Collagen, heparin, and platelets do not play a direct role in the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker commonly used to treat various cardiovascular conditions. In this question, the false statement is option B - "Contraindicated in the asthmatic patient." Verapamil is not contraindicated in asthmatic patients; however, caution is advised in patients with significant left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure. Option A is correct because angina pectoris is indeed an important indication for using verapamil. Verapamil helps dilate coronary arteries, improving blood flow to the heart muscle and reducing the workload on the heart. Option C is correct as verapamil relaxes vascular smooth muscle, leading to vasodilation. This property helps lower blood pressure and improve blood flow throughout the body. Option D is correct as verapamil slows the depolarization phase of the action potential in AV nodal cells. This effect is why it is commonly used to treat certain arrhythmias by slowing down the electrical conduction in the heart. In an educational context, understanding the pharmacological actions of verapamil is crucial for healthcare providers managing patients with cardiovascular conditions. Knowing the indications, contraindications, and effects of verapamil helps ensure safe and effective medication administration. It also highlights the importance of careful consideration based on individual patient characteristics when prescribing cardiovascular drugs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the treatment of classical angina pectoris, glyceryl trinitrate's primary beneficial effect lies in its ability to reduce cardiac preload. This means that glyceryl trinitrate works by decreasing the amount of blood returning to the heart during diastole, which in turn lowers the pressure within the heart's chambers. By reducing preload, the heart has to work less to pump blood out to the rest of the body, thus decreasing the oxygen demand on the heart muscle. In the context of angina pectoris, which is chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, reducing cardiac preload is crucial as it helps to alleviate the workload on the heart and decrease the oxygen demand. This reduction in workload can help alleviate the symptoms of angina by decreasing the heart's oxygen requirements and improving overall cardiac function. Now, let's examine why the other options are incorrect: - Option A, an increase in total coronary blood flow, is not the primary mechanism of action for glyceryl trinitrate in angina pectoris. - Option B, redistribution of coronary blood flow, is not the primary mechanism of action for glyceryl trinitrate in angina pectoris. - Option D, reduction of cardiac afterload, while important in some cardiovascular conditions, is not the primary mechanism of action for glyceryl trinitrate in angina pectoris. Understanding the mechanism of action of cardiovascular drugs like glyceryl trinitrate is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide effective patient care and manage cardiovascular conditions. By grasping the specific effects of medications, healthcare providers can tailor treatment plans to individual patient needs, ensuring optimal outcomes and symptom management.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of cardiovascular drugs and specifically nitroglycerine, administering it via cutaneous application (Option D) allows for a longer duration of action. This is because when nitroglycerine is applied cutaneously, it is absorbed more slowly through the skin, leading to a sustained release of the medication into the bloodstream. Sublingual administration (Option A) of nitroglycerine is known for its rapid onset of action but does not provide the same extended duration as cutaneous application. Inhalation (Option B) and intravenous administration (Option C) also offer rapid effects, but again, they do not offer the prolonged duration of action that cutaneous application provides. Educationally, understanding the various routes of drug administration is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those dealing with cardiovascular medications. Knowing the specific characteristics of each route helps in selecting the most appropriate method based on the desired onset and duration of action for optimal patient care and outcomes. In the case of nitroglycerine, choosing cutaneous application for a longer-lasting effect can be beneficial in certain clinical scenarios, which underscores the importance of this knowledge in clinical practice.