Tick the drug that can induce nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain and rhinitis:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Saquinavir. Saquinavir is a protease inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It is known to cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and also rhinitis in some cases. These adverse effects are commonly seen with the use of protease inhibitors. Option A) Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used to treat herpes infections and does not typically cause the gastrointestinal and rhinitis side effects listed in the question. Option B) Zalcitabine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. While it can cause gastrointestinal side effects, rhinitis is not a commonly reported side effect with this drug. Option C) Zidovudine is another nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It is more known for causing hematologic side effects like anemia and neutropenia rather than gastrointestinal and rhinitis symptoms. Educationally, understanding the side effects of different drug classes is crucial in pharmacology. This knowledge helps healthcare providers anticipate and manage potential adverse effects, ensuring patient safety and treatment adherence. It also highlights the importance of thorough patient assessment and monitoring during drug therapy to detect and address side effects promptly.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Chronic bacterial infections typically trigger neutrophilia (A), an increase in neutrophils, as the primary innate immune response to bacterial pathogens. Basophilia (B) is rare and allergy-related, lymphocytosis (C) is viral or chronic lymphocytic leukemia-related, eosinophilia (D) is parasitic/allergic, and monocytosis (E) is more chronic inflammatory or mycobacterial—neutrophilia is the hallmark.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hereditary spherocytosis results from defects in peripheral proteins (B) like spectrin or ankyrin, disrupting RBC membrane stability, leading to spherical shape and hemolysis. Integral protein defects (A) are less specific, rolealux (C) is a typo (likely ‘rouleaux,’ unrelated), sickle cells (D) are sickle cell disease, and decreased RBC size (E) isn’t causative—peripheral protein defects are key.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Platelets change shape (C, true) from discoid to spiky during aggregation, aiding clot formation. Initial vasoconstriction occurs (A, false), clotting factors enhance aggregation (B, false), serotonin contributes mildly (D, true but not primary), and thromboxane A2 promotes, not inhibits (E, false)—C is key.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology and lifespan considerations, understanding the endocrine role of the testicle is crucial. The correct answer is A) occurs at the level of the interstitial cells. This is because the interstitial cells, also known as Leydig cells, are responsible for producing and secreting testosterone, which is a vital androgenic hormone. Option B) consists in the secretion of androgenic hormones is not the best choice because it is not specific enough. While androgenic hormones are produced, the primary hormone of interest in this context is testosterone. Option C) consists in the secretion of testosterone is partially correct, but it doesn't encompass the broader role of androgenic hormones produced by the testicles. Option D) determines the maturation of the sex organs is incorrect. While testosterone plays a role in the maturation of male sex organs, the primary focus of the testicular endocrine function is the production of hormones rather than the direct determination of organ maturation. Educationally, understanding the endocrine function of the testicle is essential for comprehending the physiological processes related to reproduction, sexual development, and overall endocrine regulation in the body. This knowledge is particularly important when considering pharmacological interventions that may impact hormone levels and endocrine function in individuals across the lifespan.