Tick the drug for strongiloidosis treatment:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ivermectin. Ivermectin is the drug of choice for strongyloidiasis due to its high efficacy and low toxicity. It works by paralyzing and killing the parasites. Niclosamide (A) is used for tapeworm infections, Praziquantel (B) for schistosomiasis, and Bithionol (C) for fascioliasis. Therefore, D is the correct choice for treating strongyloidiasis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer C: Furosemide inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the loop of Henle, leading to decreased Na+ reabsorption. This results in increased delivery of Na+ to the distal tubule, stimulating H+ secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption, causing metabolic alkalosis. Mild inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by furosemide also contributes by reducing H+ secretion in the proximal tubule. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A: Increased reabsorption of uric acid is not directly related to furosemide-induced metabolic alkalosis. B: Increased delivery of Na+ to the distal tubule is a consequence of furosemide action but does not directly contribute to metabolic alkalosis. D: Decreased reabsorption of Ca2+ in the loop of Henle may lead to hypocalcemia but is not a direct cause of metabolic alkalosis in this case.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Decreased secretion of VLDL by the liver. Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, primarily works by inhibiting the hepatic synthesis of VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) particles. VLDL is a precursor to LDL (low-density lipoprotein), which is considered the "bad" cholesterol. By reducing VLDL production, niacin ultimately leads to a decrease in LDL cholesterol levels in the blood. Option A, decreased lipid synthesis in adipose tissue, is incorrect because niacin's main action is on the liver, not adipose tissue. Option B, decreased oxidation of lipids in endothelial cells, is also incorrect as niacin's primary mechanism is related to lipid metabolism in the liver, not in endothelial cells. Option D, increased endocytosis of HDL by the liver, is incorrect because niacin does not directly affect the uptake of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) by the liver. In an educational context, understanding the mechanisms of action of cardiovascular drugs is crucial for healthcare professionals in managing patients with cardiovascular conditions. Knowing how niacin works helps healthcare providers make informed decisions about its use in patients who require lipid-lowering therapy. This knowledge also aids in optimizing treatment strategies and achieving therapeutic goals effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question about the action of quinidine compared to digitalis, the correct answer is D) Reducing conductivity. Quinidine is a Class I antiarrhythmic medication that works by blocking sodium channels in the heart, which reduces the conductivity of electrical impulses in the heart muscle. This helps to stabilize abnormal electrical activity in the heart. A) Decreasing irritability of cardiac muscle is not the main action of quinidine. Digitalis, on the other hand, works by increasing the force of contractions in the heart muscle, rather than affecting irritability. B) Preventing passage of impulses to the ventricle is not a characteristic action of quinidine. Quinidine primarily affects the conductivity of impulses rather than preventing their passage. C) Increasing irritability of heart muscle is not a property of quinidine. In fact, quinidine aims to reduce irritability and stabilize the electrical activity of the heart. Understanding the actions of common cardiovascular drugs is crucial in the management of cardiovascular conditions and arrhythmias. Knowing the specific mechanisms of action of medications like quinidine and digitalis helps healthcare providers make informed decisions when prescribing these drugs to patients. It also aids in understanding how these medications interact with the electrical conduction system of the heart, leading to more effective treatment outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question about monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in the context of common cardiovascular drugs, the correct answer is D) Generally do not cause tachycardia. The rationale behind this is that MAOIs are not associated with tachycardia because they do not directly affect the heart rate. MAOIs work by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which leads to an increase in monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. While these neurotransmitters can have indirect effects on the cardiovascular system, they do not typically cause tachycardia. Now let's discuss why the other options are incorrect: A) MAOIs can indeed cause postural hypotension as a side effect due to their potential to lower blood pressure, especially when a person changes positions quickly. B) MAOIs do not reduce blood pressure by depleting catecholamines. In fact, they can increase catecholamines due to the inhibition of their breakdown. C) MAOIs do not have a prompt hypotensive action. The hypotensive effects of MAOIs are usually seen over time with chronic use rather than immediately. Educational context: Understanding the effects and side effects of cardiovascular drugs is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in the management of patients with cardiovascular conditions. MAOIs are a class of drugs used for various conditions, including depression and anxiety, and knowing their cardiovascular effects is important for safe and effective patient care. This question highlights the specific cardiovascular effects of MAOIs, emphasizing the importance of pharmacological knowledge in clinical practice.