Tick the drug for echinococcosis treatment:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of treating echinococcosis, the correct answer is B) Mebendazole or Albendazole. These drugs belong to the class of anthelmintics and are commonly used for the treatment of parasitic infections such as echinococcosis. Mebendazole and Albendazole work by inhibiting the parasites' ability to uptake glucose, leading to their eventual death. Option A) Suramin is used to treat African sleeping sickness caused by trypanosomes and is not effective against echinococcosis. Option C) Piperazine is used to treat roundworm infections and is not effective against echinococcosis. Option D) Iodoquinol is used to treat parasitic infections such as amoebiasis and is not a first-line treatment for echinococcosis. Understanding the correct medication for treating echinococcosis is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in regions where parasitic infections are prevalent. Mebendazole and Albendazole are considered safe and effective treatments for echinococcosis, and having this knowledge ensures appropriate management and care for patients with parasitic infections.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct group of hormonal drugs used for cancer treatment is option B) Glucocorticoids and gonadal hormones. Glucocorticoids, such as prednisone and dexamethasone, are commonly used in cancer treatment to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. They can help manage side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Gonadal hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, are also used in cancer treatment. For example, hormone therapy is a common approach for hormone receptor-positive breast and prostate cancers. These hormones can either stimulate or inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells. Mineralocorticoids (Option A) are not typically used in cancer treatment. They primarily regulate electrolyte and fluid balance in the body. Gonadal hormones and somatotropin (Option C) are not commonly used for cancer treatment. Somatotropin is growth hormone, which is not a standard treatment for cancer. Insulin (Option D) is a hormone used to regulate blood sugar levels in conditions like diabetes and is not a primary treatment for cancer. Educationally, understanding the role of different hormonal drugs in cancer treatment is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide optimal care to cancer patients. Knowing which hormones are involved in cancer growth and how certain drugs can target these hormones is essential for effective treatment planning and patient management.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the treatment of acute leukemia, the enzyme drug used is Asparaginase. Asparaginase works by depleting levels of asparagine in the blood, which is essential for leukemia cells to grow and survive. By depriving the cancer cells of this vital amino acid, their growth is inhibited, leading to cell death. Option A, Dihydrofolate reductase, is not the correct answer because it is an enzyme targeted by drugs like methotrexate for the treatment of various cancers and autoimmune diseases, not specifically acute leukemia. Option C, Aromatase, is an enzyme targeted in hormone-positive breast cancer treatment to inhibit estrogen production, and it is not used in acute leukemia therapy. Option D, DNA gyrase, is an enzyme targeted by antibiotics like fluoroquinolones to inhibit bacterial DNA replication, and it is not relevant to the treatment of acute leukemia. Understanding the mechanism of action of each drug is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions in patient care. In the context of pharmacology across the lifespan, knowing the appropriate enzyme drug for specific conditions is essential for providing safe and effective treatment, especially in vulnerable populations like pediatric patients with acute leukemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: IL-2 and IL-4 are cytokines critical for lymphocyte development. IL-2 supports T-cell growth, while IL-4 promotes B-cell differentiation and antibody production. B lymphocytes (D) rely on IL-4 for maturation from progenitor to circulating plasma cells. Neutrophils (A), eosinophils (B), and basophils (C) are myeloid cells dependent on other cytokines (e.g., G-CSF, IL-5), not IL-2 or IL-4. T lymphocytes (E) use IL-2 but not IL-4, making D the best fit.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Burkitt’s lymphoma involves a t(8;14) translocation of the c-myc gene, not chromosome 18 (A is false). It presents with abdominal involvement in HIV (B, true), is common in African children with EBV and malaria (C, true), shows a 'starry sky' pattern (D, true), and is treated with cyclophosphamide/vincristine (E, true). The correct translocation is 8;14, making A the false statement.