Tick out the drug belonging to non-narcotic antitussives:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of ATI Pharmacology Across the Lifespan, the correct answer to the question asking for a drug belonging to non-narcotic antitussives is option A) Libexin. Libexin is a non-narcotic antitussive medication that works by suppressing or inhibiting the cough reflex centrally in the brain without causing sedation or respiratory depression. Option B) Tusuprex is incorrect as it is a narcotic antitussive, specifically containing codeine which is a centrally acting opioid antitussive. Option C) Codeine is also incorrect as it is a narcotic antitussive that acts on the central nervous system to suppress the cough reflex. Option D) Ethylmorphine hydrochloride is a narcotic antitussive similar to codeine in its mechanism of action. It is crucial for nursing students and healthcare professionals to understand the classification of antitussive medications to make informed decisions regarding their use in patient care. Non-narcotic antitussives like Libexin are preferred for treating coughs, especially in cases where narcotic medications may not be suitable due to the risk of side effects or interactions with other medications. Understanding the differences between narcotic and non-narcotic antitussives is essential in providing safe and effective pharmacological interventions to patients across the lifespan.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, substitution therapy refers to the administration of a substance to replace a deficiency or to act as a substitute for a naturally occurring compound in the body. In this case, the correct answer is B) Hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is an agent of substitution therapy when used to treat conditions like hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria, where there is a deficiency of stomach acid production. By providing exogenous hydrochloric acid, these deficiencies can be corrected, aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption. Now, let's discuss why the other options are incorrect: A) Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach, it is not used as a substitution therapy for hydrochloric acid deficiency. C) Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and gastric acid secretion but is not used as a substitution therapy for hydrochloric acid deficiency. D) Carbonate mineral waters are not typically used as a substitution therapy for hydrochloric acid deficiency; they may have alkaline properties that could potentially worsen the condition. Educational Context: Understanding substitution therapy is crucial in pharmacology as it involves replacing deficient substances in the body to restore normal physiological function. This concept is vital for healthcare professionals to know when managing conditions where specific substances are lacking or not adequately produced in the body. By grasping the principles of substitution therapy, healthcare providers can effectively treat patients with various deficiencies and improve their overall health outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question from the ATI Pharmacology Across the Lifespan exam, the correct answer is C) Fepranone because it is a drug that typically suppresses appetite rather than stimulating it. Vitamins (Option A) do not directly stimulate appetite but play a crucial role in overall health and metabolism. Bitters (Option B) are known to stimulate appetite by enhancing the production of digestive enzymes in the body. Insulin (Option D) is also known to stimulate appetite by lowering blood sugar levels, which can trigger hunger. Therefore, it is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of medications that can impact appetite to provide holistic care to patients. Understanding how different drugs affect appetite is essential for nurses and pharmacists when counseling patients on potential side effects of their medications. It also highlights the importance of individualized care and monitoring for any changes in appetite that could impact a patient's overall health and well-being.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is A) Phenolphthalein. Phenolphthalein is a stimulant laxative that works by irritating the gut mucosa, leading to increased peristalsis and bowel movements. This mechanism of action makes it effective in treating constipation. Option B) Methyl cellulose is a bulk-forming laxative that works by absorbing water in the intestine to form a bulky, soft stool. It does not irritate the gut or cause increased peristalsis. Option C) Proserin is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and glaucoma. It does not have a direct effect on gut motility. Option D) Mineral oil is a lubricant laxative that works by coating the stool and preventing water absorption, making it easier to pass. It does not irritate the gut or increase peristalsis. In an educational context, understanding the mechanisms of action of different drugs is crucial for safe and effective pharmacological practice. Knowing how each drug affects the body helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions when selecting treatments for patients. In this case, understanding that Phenolphthalein irritates the gut and increases peristalsis can guide clinical decision-making when managing constipation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of ATI Pharmacology Across the Lifespan, understanding the etiology of pernicious anemia is crucial for nursing students to provide effective care. The correct answer is B) Vitamin B12. Pernicious anemia is primarily caused by a deficiency in intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the gastrointestinal tract. Without sufficient vitamin B12, the body is unable to produce healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia. Option A) Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production but is not directly related to the development of pernicious anemia. Option C) Iron deficiency can lead to a different type of anemia known as iron-deficiency anemia, not pernicious anemia. Option D) Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause a form of anemia called sideroblastic anemia but is not associated with pernicious anemia. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of understanding the specific causes of different types of anemia, as well as the relationship between vitamin deficiencies and hematological disorders. It also highlights the significance of recognizing the role of intrinsic factor in the absorption of vitamin B12 and its impact on red blood cell production. Nursing students need to grasp these concepts to provide accurate assessments, interventions, and patient education related to anemia and vitamin deficiencies.