This pressure facilitates filtration while urine is being formed

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Capillary hydrostatic pressure (~60 mmHg) drives filtration not filtrate (opposes), osmotic (retains), or all. This identifies filtration force, key for GFR, contrasting with opposing pressures.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) = glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPG) - (oncotic pressure [OPG] + capsular hydrostatic pressure [HPC]): 30 - (25 + 15) = -10 mmHg. Positive 10 mmHg ignores opposition incorrect. Zero miscalculates balance. 5 mmHg underestimates opposition. Negative NFP distinguishes it, indicating no filtration due to shock (e.g., low HPG), key to GFR collapse, unlike positive or neutral errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ADH-dependent reabsorption occurs in the medullary collecting duct ADH inserts aquaporins, reclaiming water (e.g., concentrates urine). Proximal tubule reabsorbs isotonically ADH-independent. Loop of Henle sets gradient not ADH-driven. Distal tubule starts ADH effect less medullary. Medullary site distinguishes it, key to urine concentration, unlike proximal or loop roles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Erythropoietin is a kidney-made protein produced by peritubular cells (e.g., hypoxia-driven anemia correction). Angiotensin is from angiotensinogen liver, converted renally. Mesangial matrix is structural not protein. Creatinine is muscle waste not synthesized. Erythropoietin's renal origin distinguishes it, key to hematopoiesis, unlike precursors, structures, or wastes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Urine excretion is the elimination of substances via urine final output (e.g., waste removal). Secretion adds to urine specific process. Reabsorption conserves opposite. Filtration starts not eliminates. Excretion's end role distinguishes it, key to renal clearance, unlike process-specific terms.