This Hormone is Not Secreted by Hypothalamus

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Correct Answer: B (FSH) Rationale: 1. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the hypothalamus. 2. PRH (Prolactin Releasing Hormone), CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone), and TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone) are all hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, involved in regulating pituitary hormone release. 3. Therefore, FSH is the correct answer as it is not directly secreted by the hypothalamus. Summary: - FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the hypothalamus. - PRH, CRH, and TRH are hormones secreted by the hypothalamus. - Understanding the origin of each hormone helps in determining the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: B12. Vitamin B12 is water-soluble because it dissolves in water, allowing it to be easily absorbed and transported in the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in nerve function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis. Vitamins D, A, and K are fat-soluble vitamins, meaning they are absorbed along with fats in the diet and are stored in the body's fat tissues. Since they are not water-soluble, they require bile for absorption and are stored in the body for longer periods. Hence, B12 is the only water-soluble vitamin among the given choices.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because glucose, galactose, and fructose are transported across the basolateral membrane by the GLUT2 transporter. This occurs after they are absorbed into enterocytes through various transport mechanisms. Choice A is incorrect because SGLT-2 transporter is responsible for glucose and galactose absorption, not fructose. Choice C is incorrect as fructose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion, not secondary active transport. Choice D is incorrect because insulin actually increases carbohydrate absorption by upregulating GLUT2 expression.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Chief cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, which is the inactive precursor of pepsin, an enzyme that helps break down proteins. This is the correct answer because pepsinogen is the primary product secreted by chief cells. HCl is secreted by parietal cells, intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells in the stomach, and HCO3- is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice D being correct: 1. ATP is an energy carrier molecule. 2. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a precursor of cyclic AMP. 3. Cyclic AMP is a secondary messenger involved in cellular signaling. 4. Therefore, choice D is true. Summary of incorrect choices: A: Adenosine triphosphate is a high-energy phosphate, not low. B: Reduction involves gain, not loss, of electrons. C: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria, not the endoplasmic reticulum.