This happens if the proximal convoluted tubule is removed from nephron

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: PCT removal halts ~65% reabsorption, stopping urine formation not unaffected, concentrated, or diluted. This underscores PCT role, critical for processing, contrasting with later adjustments.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A -10 mmHg NFP means no filtration forces opposing (oncotic + capsular, 40 mmHg) exceed driving force (hydrostatic, 30 mmHg), halting GFR (e.g., shock). Normal filtration needs positive NFP (~10 mmHg). Increased filtration requires higher positive e.g., hypertension. High reabsorption is tubular not glomerular. Lack of filtration distinguishes it, critical for acute renal failure risk, unlike normal or enhanced filtration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The thin descending limb is highly water-permeable osmosis concentrates filtrate (e.g., medullary gradient). Thick ascending limb is impermeable actively pumps NaCl. Thin ascending limb is less permeable salt exits. Thick descending isn't a segment error. Water permeability distinguishes the thin descending, critical for countercurrent multiplier, unlike salt-focused or misnamed parts.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Capsular space isn't part of the filtration membrane it's the filtrate receptacle (Bowman's space). Fenestrated endothelium, visceral membrane (podocytes), and filtration slits (with basement membrane) form the barrier plasma filters through. Space as destination distinguishes it, critical for filtration anatomy, unlike structural components.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (~55 mmHg) pushes fluid out drives filtration (e.g., Starling force). Back into vessels is oncotic/capsular opposes. No effect ignores its role false. Varying with oncotic misaligns independent. Outward push distinguishes it, critical for GFR, unlike opposing or neutral errors.