This drug is useful for treating heart failure because it increases the inotropic state and reduces afterload:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amrinone. Amrinone is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases inotropic state by enhancing myocardial contractility and reduces afterload by vasodilation. This dual mechanism helps improve cardiac output in heart failure. A: Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug, not used for inotropic support. C: Propranolol is a beta-blocker that reduces heart rate but does not directly affect inotropic state or afterload. D: Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor that helps reduce afterload but does not have direct inotropic effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Aspirin. Aspirin is an antiplatelet agent that works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, thereby reducing the formation of thromboxane A2 which is a potent vasoconstrictor. This action leads to improved blood flow by preventing platelet aggregation and reducing the risk of blood clots. Heparin (A) is an anticoagulant that works by inhibiting clotting factors in the blood, not specifically related to blood flow. Pyracetam (C) and Tanakan (D) are not known to influence blood flow or act as antiplatelet agents.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because pancreatic β-cells secrete insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Insulin regulates blood sugar levels, C-peptide is a byproduct of insulin synthesis, proinsulin is the precursor of insulin, and IAPP helps in glucose metabolism. Choice A is incorrect as glucagon is secreted by α-cells, not β-cells, and proglucagon is not a primary secretory product of β-cells. Choice C is incorrect as somatostatin is mainly secreted by δ-cells in the pancreas, not β-cells. Choice D is incorrect as pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is secreted by PP-cells, a separate cell type in the pancreas, not by β-cells.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the chronic, proliferative phase of inflammation is characterized by tissue degeneration and fibrosis occurrence. During this phase, there is an attempt by the body to repair the damaged tissue by forming new connective tissue and blood vessels. A is incorrect because local vasodilatation and increased capillary permeability are characteristics of the acute phase of inflammation, not the chronic, proliferative phase. B is incorrect because the infiltration of leucocytes and phagocytic cells is typically seen in the acute phase of inflammation, not the chronic, proliferative phase. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it accurately reflects the characteristics of the chronic, proliferative phase of inflammation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Piperidines like Loratadine and Fexofenadine are noted for their non-sedating effects due to their low penetration of the blood-brain barrier. This is because they have a low affinity for the central nervous system H1 receptors. In contrast, choices B, C, and D contain antihistamines that are known for their sedative effects due to their high penetration of the blood-brain barrier and high affinity for central nervous system H1 receptors. Therefore, Piperidines are the exception among the listed categories in not causing sedation.