These facts are true regarding the developmental stage of preschool children EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) egocentric thinking. Egocentric thinking is a characteristic of the preoperational stage of development, which typically occurs in children between the ages of 2 to 7 years, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. During this stage, children struggle to see things from perspectives other than their own and often have difficulty understanding the feelings or viewpoints of others. Option A) handedness is achieved by 3 years of age: This statement is true as most children establish a dominant hand by the age of 3, indicating the development of hand preference. Option B) boys are usually later than girls in achieving bladder control: This statement is also true. Girls generally tend to achieve bladder control earlier than boys due to differences in physical and neurological development. Option C) knowing gender by 4 years: This statement is accurate as children typically demonstrate an understanding of their own gender identity by the age of 4, showing awareness of whether they are a boy or a girl. Educationally, understanding the developmental milestones of preschool children is crucial for healthcare professionals working in pediatric settings. Recognizing these milestones helps in assessing a child's growth and development, identifying potential areas of concern, and providing appropriate care and support. By knowing what to expect at each stage of development, healthcare providers can offer anticipatory guidance to parents and caregivers, promoting optimal child health and well-being.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In children with asthma, the least likely necessary preoperative preparation is an increase in beta-agonist dosage. This is because increasing beta-agonist dosage just before surgery can lead to potential adverse effects like tachycardia and increased risk of arrhythmias. Option A is incorrect because increasing beta-agonist dosage can worsen symptoms preoperatively. Option B, addition of systemic steroids, is often necessary preoperatively to reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma exacerbations. Option C, bronchodilator therapy, is crucial for managing acute asthma symptoms and should be continued preoperatively to maintain airway patency. Educationally, understanding the nuances of preoperative preparation in pediatric asthma is crucial for nursing students. It is essential to differentiate between interventions that may exacerbate symptoms versus those that are necessary for optimal asthma control. By grasping these concepts, students can provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients with asthma undergoing surgery.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) The varicella vaccine is not usually administered before 1 year of age. This response is correct because the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that the varicella vaccine be given to children at 12-15 months of age. Administering the vaccine before 1 year of age may not provide adequate protection due to the immaturity of the infant's immune system. Option A is incorrect because vaccinated children are less likely to develop a severe case of chickenpox, not a mild one. Option C is incorrect as it does not provide the necessary information about the appropriate age for the vaccine. Option D is incorrect because while a booster dose is needed, it is typically given between 4-6 years of age, not at 18 months. Educationally, it is important for nurses to have a strong understanding of vaccine schedules and guidelines to ensure that children receive vaccinations at the appropriate ages for optimal protection against preventable diseases. This knowledge is crucial for promoting public health and preventing outbreaks of vaccine-preventable illnesses in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In a child with glomerulonephritis, the finding that requires immediate attention is severe headache and photophobia (Option C). This indicates a potential complication of increased intracranial pressure, which can be life-threatening. Headache and photophobia are symptoms of hypertensive encephalopathy, a serious complication of uncontrolled hypertension seen in glomerulonephritis. Option A is incorrect because although high blood pressure (170/90) is concerning, it is not the most critical finding in this scenario. Option B, with Coca-Cola-colored urine and decreased urine output, is indicative of hematuria and proteinuria, common in glomerulonephritis but does not pose an immediate threat to the child's life like increased intracranial pressure. Option D, refusal to eat and poor appetite, is a common symptom in many illnesses but does not warrant immediate attention compared to the neurological symptoms described in Option C. Educationally, it is crucial for nursing students to prioritize and recognize urgent signs and symptoms in pediatric patients with renal disorders like glomerulonephritis. Understanding the potential complications and knowing how to prioritize care based on the severity of symptoms is essential for providing safe and effective nursing care in these situations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In prenatal screening for neural tube defects, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is often elevated. AFP is a protein produced by the fetal liver and yolk sac, and elevated levels can indicate neural tube defects like spina bifida or anencephaly. This is because these defects allow AFP to leak into the amniotic fluid and maternal circulation. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a hormone produced during pregnancy, but it is not specifically associated with neural tube defects. Estriol is a hormone produced by the placenta and fetus, but its levels are not typically elevated in cases of neural tube defects. Inhibin is a hormone involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy but is not used as a marker for neural tube defects. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind prenatal screening tests is crucial for nursing students and healthcare professionals working in maternity and pediatric care. Recognizing the significance of elevated AFP levels can help in identifying potential neural tube defects early in pregnancy, allowing for appropriate interventions and support for the mother and baby. This knowledge ensures comprehensive care and better outcomes for both the pregnant woman and the fetus.