These facts are true regarding the developmental stage of preschool children EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the developmental stage of preschool children, egocentric thinking is a characteristic that is actually typical and expected. Preschoolers tend to see the world from their own perspective, often struggling to understand others' viewpoints. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it does not align with the typical developmental characteristics of preschoolers. Option A states that handedness is achieved by 3 years of age, which is a common milestone indicating the dominance of one hand over the other. Option B suggests that boys are usually later than girls in achieving bladder control, which is accurate due to physiological differences. Option C mentions knowing gender by 4 years, which is also a common developmental milestone as preschoolers begin to identify and understand gender differences. Understanding the developmental stages of children is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in fields like maternity and pediatric nursing. This knowledge helps in assessing children's growth, identifying potential issues, and providing appropriate care and support. By recognizing typical developmental milestones, healthcare professionals can also educate parents and caregivers on what to expect and how to promote healthy development in children.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In children with asthma, the correct answer, D) None of the above, is least likely to be necessary as preoperative preparations. This is because children with asthma should ideally have their asthma well-controlled prior to any surgical procedure to minimize the risk of perioperative complications. Option A) Increasing beta-agonist dosage may be necessary if the child is experiencing worsening asthma symptoms, but ideally, this should be addressed prior to the surgery to ensure stability. Option B) Adding systemic steroids may be considered in some cases to manage acute exacerbations of asthma, but this should also be addressed before the surgery to ensure optimal control. Option C) Bronchodilator therapy is a fundamental part of asthma management and should be continued as part of the child's routine care, including in the preoperative period. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers, especially nurses, to understand the importance of optimizing asthma control in children before any surgical procedure to prevent respiratory complications. This question highlights the need for comprehensive preoperative assessments and interventions to ensure the best outcomes for pediatric patients with asthma.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct response is option B: "The varicella vaccine is not usually administered before 1 year of age." This answer is correct because the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the first dose of the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine to be given at 12-15 months of age. This recommendation is based on the child's immune system development and the optimal age for vaccine effectiveness. Option A is incorrect because vaccinated children are unlikely to develop a mild case of chickenpox as the vaccine is designed to provide immunity against the varicella virus. Option C is incorrect as the timing of the vaccine administration should follow the recommended schedule and not be contingent on a doctor's examination at that specific visit. Option D is also incorrect because while a second dose or booster of the varicella vaccine is recommended at 4-6 years of age, not specifically at 18 months. From an educational perspective, it is important for nurses to have a solid understanding of the recommended vaccination schedules for children to provide accurate information to parents. By adhering to evidence-based guidelines, healthcare professionals can ensure the best protection for children against vaccine-preventable diseases. This question highlights the significance of following age-appropriate vaccination protocols to optimize the effectiveness of immunizations in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In a child with glomerulonephritis, the finding that requires immediate attention is option C: Severe headache and photophobia. This is indicative of potential hypertensive encephalopathy, a serious complication of hypertension in glomerulonephritis, which can lead to seizures, altered mental status, and even stroke. Immediate medical intervention is crucial to prevent further neurological damage. Option A is incorrect as while a high blood pressure of 170/90 is concerning, it does not pose an immediate threat to life like hypertensive encephalopathy. Option B, Coca-Cola-colored urine and low urine output, indicates hematuria and proteinuria, which are common in glomerulonephritis but do not require immediate attention unless there are signs of acute kidney injury. Option D, refusal to eat with poor appetite, is a common symptom in children with glomerulonephritis due to fatigue and malaise but does not signify an acute complication. Educationally, understanding the urgency of certain signs and symptoms in pediatric patients with glomerulonephritis is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers to prioritize interventions and prevent serious complications. It highlights the importance of prompt assessment and appropriate management in pediatric nephrology to ensure optimal outcomes for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In prenatal screening for neural tube defects, elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels are often detected. AFP is produced by the fetal liver and yolk sac, and elevated levels can indicate a neural tube defect like spina bifida or anencephaly. This screening is crucial for early detection and intervention to prevent potential complications for the fetus. Option A, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), is a hormone produced during pregnancy but is not specifically associated with neural tube defects. Estriol (Option C) is a hormone produced by the placenta and fetal liver, used in assessing fetal well-being but not specifically indicative of neural tube defects. Option D, inhibin, is a hormone produced by the ovaries and placenta and is not used in prenatal screening for neural tube defects. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind prenatal screening tests is vital for nursing students and healthcare professionals working in maternal and pediatric care. Recognizing the significance of specific markers like AFP in detecting fetal anomalies empowers healthcare providers to offer informed care and support to pregnant women and their babies. This knowledge contributes to improved prenatal care and outcomes for both mother and child.