These drugs may be used in the treatment of recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Thiazide diuretics are used in the treatment of recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis by reducing urinary calcium excretion. They work by increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, lowering calcium levels in urine, and decreasing the formation of kidney stones. Osmotic diuretics (A) increase urine output but do not specifically target calcium excretion. Loop diuretics (B) inhibit sodium reabsorption but can increase urinary calcium excretion and are not ideal for treating calcium nephrolithiasis. Potassium-sparing diuretics (D) primarily affect potassium and sodium levels and do not directly impact calcium excretion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Penicillin. Penicillin is the drug of choice for syphilis treatment due to its effectiveness in killing the bacteria responsible for syphilis, Treponema pallidum. It is the most recommended treatment by healthcare professionals and is highly effective at curing syphilis at all stages. Gentamycin (A) is not used for syphilis treatment. Chloramphenicol (C) is not effective against Treponema pallidum. Doxycycline (D) is an alternative treatment for syphilis but is not as effective as penicillin, especially in later stages of the disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because intravenous acyclovir can cause renal insufficiency due to its nephrotoxic effects. Tremors and delirium are not typically associated with acyclovir. Choice B includes common side effects like rash, diarrhea, and nausea that are not considered unwanted effects. Choice C includes neuropathy and abdominal pain, which are not common unwanted effects of acyclovir infusion. Choice D includes anemia, neutropenia, nausea, and insomnia, which are not typically associated with acyclovir infusion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stroke volume. Digoxin increases myocardial contractility, leading to more forceful contractions and improved cardiac output. This increase in contractility results in a greater ejection fraction and subsequently an increased stroke volume. End-systolic and end-diastolic volumes are not directly affected by digoxin. Systolic pressure may increase due to enhanced contractility, but the primary effect is on stroke volume.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lovastatin. Lovastatin is a statin drug that helps lower cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and subsequent stroke. It has been shown to decrease the risk of future stroke events. Isosorbide mononitrate (A) is a vasodilator used for angina, not stroke prevention. Furosemide (B) is a diuretic used for heart failure and hypertension, not for stroke prevention. Esmolol (D) is a beta-blocker used for heart rate control, not for stroke prevention.