The well-known complication of membranous nephropathy is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric GU disorders, understanding the complications of membranous nephropathy is crucial. The correct answer is A) renal vein thrombosis. Membranous nephropathy is a condition characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, leading to proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome. Renal vein thrombosis is a well-known complication of membranous nephropathy due to the hypercoagulable state associated with nephrotic syndrome. This condition can result in significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly diagnosed and managed. Option B) hypertension is not typically a direct complication of membranous nephropathy but can occur secondary to renal dysfunction. Option C) gross hematuria is more commonly associated with other types of glomerulonephritis, such as IgA nephropathy. Option D) nephritic syndrome is not a typical presentation of membranous nephropathy, as it is more commonly associated with nephrotic syndrome. Educationally, understanding the complications of pediatric GU disorders like membranous nephropathy is essential for healthcare professionals caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of complications allows for early intervention and management to prevent adverse outcomes. This knowledge helps improve patient outcomes and underscores the importance of a comprehensive understanding of pharmacology in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), the MOST correct statement is that kidney biopsy is rarely indicated to diagnose HUS (Option C). This is because HUS is primarily diagnosed based on clinical presentation, laboratory findings (such as low platelet count, hemolytic anemia, and acute kidney injury), and history of preceding infection, typically with Shiga toxin-producing bacteria. Performing a kidney biopsy is not necessary for the diagnosis and management of HUS. Option A is incorrect because not the majority, but a small percentage of patients with diarrhea-associated enteropathogenic type develop HUS. Option B is incorrect as stool culture is typically negative in patients with diarrhea-associated HUS, as the underlying cause is usually bacterial toxins rather than active infection. Option D is incorrect because in HUS, partial thromboplastin and prothrombin times are usually prolonged rather than low, due to the presence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Educationally, understanding the diagnostic criteria and clinical features of HUS is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in the care of pediatric patients. It is important to recognize the key differences between HUS and other similar conditions to ensure appropriate management and timely intervention. Additionally, knowing when certain diagnostic tests like kidney biopsy are indicated helps in avoiding unnecessary procedures and optimizing patient care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) corticosteroid therapy. Hypercalciuria, an excessive amount of calcium in the urine, can be seen in patients undergoing corticosteroid therapy. Corticosteroids can increase the intestinal absorption of calcium and decrease renal calcium excretion, leading to hypercalciuria. Option A) hypoparathyroidism is incorrect because this condition is characterized by low levels of parathyroid hormone, which would actually lead to hypocalciuria rather than hypercalciuria. Option C) vitamin D deficiency is incorrect as it would lead to decreased intestinal absorption of calcium, potentially causing hypocalcemia, rather than hypercalciuria. Option D) oral thiazide diuretics therapy is incorrect because thiazide diuretics can actually be used to treat hypercalciuria by decreasing renal calcium excretion. In an educational context, understanding the causes of hypercalciuria is crucial for healthcare professionals managing pediatric GU disorders. Recognizing the impact of different medications and conditions on calcium metabolism helps in making accurate diagnoses and treatment decisions for pediatric patients. It also highlights the importance of medication management and monitoring in pediatric populations to prevent potential complications related to calcium imbalances.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In exercise-induced hematuria, the correct answer is B) no dysuria. This is because exercise-induced hematuria typically presents with blood in the urine without associated pain or discomfort during urination. This is a key distinguishing feature of this condition. Option A) stating that blood clots are rarely seen in urine is incorrect as clots can be present in exercise-induced hematuria, especially following intense physical activity. Option C) mentioning abnormal findings on cystoscopy is also incorrect as in exercise-induced hematuria, cystoscopy typically reveals normal bladder and urethral anatomy. Option D) resolution after 7 days is incorrect because exercise-induced hematuria usually resolves spontaneously within 48 to 72 hours after the cessation of strenuous exercise. In an educational context, understanding the characteristics and presentation of exercise-induced hematuria is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric populations. By knowing the typical features of this condition, healthcare professionals can make accurate diagnoses, provide appropriate reassurance to patients and parents, and recommend proper management strategies. This knowledge also helps in differentiating exercise-induced hematuria from other more serious urological conditions, ensuring timely and effective care for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding nephrotic syndrome and its secondary causes is crucial for providing effective care. In this question, the correct answer is D) schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection that primarily affects the urinary tract and liver, leading to various complications. While it can cause renal issues, it is not typically associated with nephrotic syndrome in the same way that the other options are. Measles, malaria, and syphilis are known secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome in children. Measles can lead to glomerulonephritis, a common cause of nephrotic syndrome. Malaria can cause a form of nephrotic syndrome due to immune complex deposition in the kidneys. Syphilis can also lead to nephrotic syndrome through immune-mediated mechanisms affecting the kidneys. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing various secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome in pediatric patients. It underscores the need for healthcare providers to have a broad understanding of infectious diseases and their potential renal complications in pediatric pharmacology practice. Understanding these relationships is critical for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning in pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome.