The volume of blood pumped by a ventricle per minute is the

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cardiac output (A) is the volume pumped per minute (CO = HR × SV, ~5 L/min). Stroke volume (B) is per beat, C/D are not standard terms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: BP is determined by cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR) (B, BP = CO × PR). A affects PR, C determines CO, D is secondary.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Systemic circulation begins at the left ventricle (B), pumping oxygenated blood into the aorta. Left atrium (A) fills it, right side (C, D) is pulmonary circulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The ductus arteriosus (shunts pulmonary artery to aorta) and foramen ovale (right to left atrium, B) bypass the fetal lungs. Ductus venosus (A) bypasses liver, umbilical vessels (C, D) connect to placenta.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The long saphenous vein (C), from foot to thigh, is the longest (~70-100 cm). Inferior vena cava (A) is shorter (~20 cm), subclavian (B) and jugular (D) are smaller.