The volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation is the

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: expiratory reserve volume. After normal exhalation (tidal volume), the expiratory reserve volume represents the additional volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled. This volume is used during activities requiring increased breathing effort. Choices A and C are incorrect because tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, and inspiratory reserve volume is the extra volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation. Choice B, residual volume, is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation and cannot be exhaled voluntarily.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Spasm in bronchial muscles. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing. Bronchial muscles in the airways undergo spasms, causing constriction and making it hard to breathe. Infection of the trachea (A) or lungs (B) may lead to respiratory symptoms but is not the primary cause of asthma. Bleeding into the pleural cavity (C) is unrelated to the pathophysiology of asthma. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly correlates with the underlying mechanism of asthma.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Tying a square knot at the back of the neck is incorrect because it can be too tight and cause discomfort or restrict airflow. A is correct as holding the device securely is necessary for safety. B is correct as suctioning before changing ties prevents aspiration. D is correct as using half-strength peroxide is appropriate for cleaning. Tying a square knot can lead to complications, making it the action that requires intervention.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, a 36-year-old who fractured his left femur. This client is not at risk for airway loss related to aspirated secretions because a femur fracture does not directly impact the airway or swallowing function. Traumatic brain injury (choice A), radiation therapy (choice C), and quadriplegia (choice D) can all impair the client's ability to protect their airway and increase the risk of aspirating secretions. Therefore, these clients are at higher risk compared to the client with a femur fracture.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Normal breath sounds over the lung fields are vesicular, characterized as quiet and low-pitched. A is incorrect because bronchial breath sounds over the trachea are high-pitched and loud. B is incorrect as these intermediate sounds occur near large airways, not throughout the lung fields. D describes adventitious sounds like wheezing or crackles, which are abnormal.