The vesico-urethral canal gives rise to:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vesicourethral canal forms most of the bladder not whole (trigone from mesonephric ducts), prostatic urethra (partly sinus), female urethra (sinus), or all; 'most' fits. This specifies bladder origin, critical for development, contrasting with full scope.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Aldosterone stimulates Na and water reabsorption e.g., collecting duct ENaC channels, raising BP. H excretion is intercalated cells not aldosterone's focus. Water excretion opposes diuresis not retention. Na /Ca² misaligns Ca² separate. Na /water retention distinguishes it, critical for volume control, unlike excretion or ion errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lobule isn't a kidney region medulla, cortex, pelvis are (e.g., anatomical divisions). Medulla has pyramids inner. Cortex has nephrons outer. Pelvis collects urine central. Lobule is liver/brain term distinguishing it, critical for renal anatomy, unlike true regions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Water returns from PCT by osmosis follows Na gradient (e.g., isosmotic reabsorption). Active transport moves Na not water directly. Facilitated diffusion is glucose not water. Carrier molecules aid solutes not primary water. Osmosis's passive flow distinguishes it, critical for PCT water recovery, unlike active or facilitated mechanisms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Water reabsorption from Loop of Henle (descending) depends on NaCl movement out e.g., thick ascending pumps create gradient (~1200 mOsm). Acid is distal not Loop. Glucose is PCT not here. Uric acid is minor not gradient driver. NaCl's role distinguishes it, critical for countercurrent, unlike other solutes.