The vector of visceral leishmaniasis has geographical variations. In the Asian region, the main vector is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Visceral leishmaniasis is transmitted by sand flies. Step 2: In the Asian region, the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis is Phlebotomus species. Step 3: Phlebotomus species are known to transmit the Leishmania parasite in Asia. Step 4: Lutzomyia species are the main vector in the Americas. Step 5: Anopheles species are vectors for malaria, not leishmaniasis. Step 6: Mansonia species are vectors for diseases like filariasis, not leishmaniasis. Summary: Choice A is correct because Phlebotomus species are the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Asian region, while choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are not the main vectors for this disease in that specific geographical area.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because gum bleeding is not a characteristic of chronic phenytoin therapy. Phenytoin is used to treat seizures and does not directly cause gum bleeding. Aplastic anemia (B), scurvy (C), and hemophilia (D) are conditions that can lead to gum bleeding. Aplastic anemia is a bone marrow disorder, scurvy is a vitamin C deficiency, and hemophilia is a blood clotting disorder. Therefore, they are associated with gum bleeding.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: hydroxyurea. Sideroblastic anemia is characterized by defective heme synthesis, leading to iron accumulation in mitochondria. Pyridoxine (A) can help in some cases by improving heme synthesis. Desferroxamine (C) is an iron-chelating agent used to remove excess iron. Androgens (D) can stimulate erythropoiesis. Hydroxyurea (B) is not used to treat sideroblastic anemia but is commonly used in conditions like sickle cell disease to increase fetal hemoglobin levels. Therefore, it is the correct choice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, emphysema. Emphysema is a chronic lung condition and does not directly complicate bone marrow transplantation. Cataract formation, leucoencephalopathy, and cardiomyopathy are potential complications due to radiation or chemotherapy used in the procedure affecting the eyes, brain, and heart, respectively. Emphysema is not related to the transplantation process and does not typically arise as a complication.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: chronic infection. Chronic infection leads to the release of hepcidin, which decreases iron absorption and iron binding capacity. This results in decreased iron levels. Recurrent GIT bleeding (A) and menorrhagia (D) lead to iron loss, resulting in decreased iron but increased iron binding capacity compensating for the loss. Intestinal resection (B) can lead to decreased iron absorption but not necessarily decreased iron binding capacity.